M'dera ndi madera onse a dera Tyumen: ofotokoza ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Tyumen dera, dera gawo limene liri waukulu wachitatu mu Russia wakhala ndi chopereka mphindi, limodzi mwa madera akuthandiza a dziko. Ngakhale mavuto nyengo, ndi osauka zachuma kumanga mafakitale kumeneko, anthu kumawonjezera. Kumene, mmodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu bwino m'chigawo cha kumpoto - zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe. M'chikondi cha zigawo yoyenda yokha mbali yofunika kwambiri ya mafuta ndi gasi nkhokwe mu dziko.

Region zokhudza mbiri yakale

Kupita ku dera la Tyumen dera amakono anayamba mu chapamwamba (mochedwa) Paleolithic za 43 zikwi zapitazo. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kupeza zodabwitsa m'mudzi Baygara - nadpyatochnaya (talus) fupa la hominid a. kukula kwake ndi za 4.5 kuti 5 cm, ndipo linali wamkulu pa zaka 20-50, amene ankakhala kumalo ichi 43 000 zaka zapitazo. Amaganiza kuti hominids a sapiens mtundu Homo.

Tikumbukenso kuti Tyumen dera m'dera ndi waukulu ndithu, ndi ofukula malo kuti "zimangoziyendera" kwa chitsimikiziro cha kuthetsa oyambirira a mayiko amenewa. Choncho, zizindikiro woyamba wa anthu azikhalamo (zotsalira za m'midzi ndi manda) apezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya St. Andrew ndi Tours. Iwo ali Sargatka chikhalidwe zinalili m'zaka 7-6. BC. e. Mu Zakachikwi loyamba anayamba resettlement wa wongosamukasamuka: Ugrian ndi Samoyed fuko, amene anali m'malo mwa anthu Turkic olankhula kum'mwera. Kusakanikilana ndi mafuko zamakolo mbadwa, iwo anapanga mtundu watsopano, makamaka Mansi ndi Khanty, Selkup, Nenets.

Mu zaka 13-16 m'mphepete mwa Tyumenka unali likulu la Tyumen khanate Kerayit ndi Chitata. Zinali m'manja mwa akale kum'mawa boma la Golden gulu. Pambuyo kupsinja yamasika mu Khanate osiyana, Siberia anapanga woyamba mgwirizano - Grand Duchy wa Tyumen. Iye anali m'malo ndi wa ku Siberia Khanate mu 1420, ndi likulu lake ku Kashlyk.

Kugonjetsedwa Siberia

Panopa, dera onse a dera Tyumen (nkhani kumadera yoyenda yokha) ndi 1.464.173 Km ^{2 ndi} gawo mkango uyu wa Western Siberia. Gawo anali woyamba pa njira yopita ku Russian East. Atafika zawo m'nthawi ya 16. Iwo anali anthu a Nenets anthu (abusa), Hunt ndi nayonso alenje ndi asodzi Mansi. chiwerengero cha mafuko anali pafupi 8 ndipo 15-18 zikwi. Anthu ankalemekeza. Kum'mwera iwo anakhala mafuko Turkic amene pamodzi amatchedwa "Chitata".

Akukhulupirira kuti Russian pasadakhale mu Siberia anapita mwachilungamo mwamtendere. M'malo mwake, iwo anaphunzitsidwa madera atsopano, kuposa anawagonjetsa. Yogwira kukula kwa Moscow, ndi Urals ndi Trans-Urals anayamba atagwa Novgorod mu 1478, koma mpaka m'ma 16 zinali zochepa yokopa ochepa bwino. Siberia Khanate napezanso mphamvu nakhala kuopseza mayiko a kummawa. Pambuyo kuukira amalonda olemera Stroganoff umwini mu 1573, bungwe Kuchum, izo zinaphatikizidwa detachment lotsogoleredwa ndi Ataman Ermak. Iye kwenikweni anatsegula njira ya East kwa Muscovites, anagonjetsa Siberia pa nthawi imeneyo panalibe polekezera. A pang'ono poyerekeza ndi zaka wakhala kwathunthu Ufumuyo boma Russian.

malo Geographical ndi dera m'chigawo Tyumen

Monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, dera m'chigawo Tyumen ndi 1.464.173 Km ^2, dera tithe wachitatu kukula, pambuyo Republic la Sakha (Yakutia) ndi Krasnoyarsk Gawo. Iwo umachokera ku kummawa mpaka kumadzulo ndi kumpoto kwa kum'mwera, 1400 Km ndi 2100 Km motero. Tyumen Region lili kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa otsika wa West Siberia Plain. Kumpoto kwenikweni mfundo - ndi Cape Skuratov pa za Yamal Peninsula, kum'mwera - mu Sladkovsky District, kumadzulo - gwero la mtsinje Severnaya Sosva, kum'mawa - mu Nizhnevartovsk District. Mbali ya m'dera kusamba ndi madzi a Nyanja Kara, malire zina pa Krasnoyarsk Krai, Kurgan, Omsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk ndi Arkhangelsk Oblast, Komi Republic, ndipo Kazakhstan. Dzinali amakono a m'dera analandira August 14, 1944.

Chigawo Political

zigawo ziwiri yoyenda yokha ili m'chigawo: Yamalo-Nenets ndi Khanty-Mansiysk. Mu 1993 analandira udindo, ukugwira kuti nkhani RF, koma mwalamulo akadali mbali ya dera Tyumen. Iwo tisangalatse ndi kukula kwake: 769 250 Km ² 534 801 Km ^2, motero. Dera m'chigawo Tyumen popanda m'maboma yoyenda yokha si lalikulu kwambiri - 160 okha 122 Km ^2.

Dera ndi midzi 29, yaikulu ya iwo: Tyumen (720 575 pers.), Surgut (348 zokwana 643 pakati pers.), Nizhnevartovsk (270 846 pers.), Nefteyugansk (125 368 pers.), Novy Urengoy (111 163 anthu). , Noyabrsk (106 631 pers.). Pafupi ndi chizindikiro 100 000 Tobolsk (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) ndi Khanty-Mansiysk. Mwa mizinda chogwidwa ndi yaing'ono - kwa anthu zikwi 50 .. Area 38 lagawidwa madera 480 ukugwira mizinda yambiri.

Nyengo ya kumpoto kwa dera

Chifukwa chakuti tyumen dera m'dera waukulu, nyengo m'madera ena mwina amasiyana zayamba, nyama ndi zomera zonse. The m'gawo lalikulu ili mu zone kozizira chipululu, m'nkhalango Titafika pamalo ndi Titafika pamalo, nayonso, steppe ndi nkhalango losanganikirana. m'dera amakhala ndi zinthu monyanyira nyengo m'madera ambiri. Pakuti malo a Far North zikuphatikizapo Yamalo-Nenets, Berezovsky ndi Beloyarskii m'madera KhMAO-Yugra, otsala mayunitsi loyang'anira yotsirizira ndi chigawo Uvat ukugwira kwa iwo.

M'dera North ukulamulira Arctic (kumalo ozizira) chaka chonse nyengo kutentha zoipa mpweya. Amaonekera ndi moyandikana kwa Nyanja Kara ndi Madzi oundana ozizira, chochuluka mitsinje, m'madambo ndi nyanja. Kwa nyengo Arctic amakhala ndi nthawi yozizira (kwa miyezi 8.), A yotentha yochepa kwambiri, mvula otsika ndi mphepo yamphamvu. Pachaka kutentha ndi zoipa, za -10 ° C m'nyengo yozizira, m'munsi pakhomo chili pa kuzungulira -70 ° C. Dera m'chigawo Tyumen ili mu zinthu izi nyengo, ndi oposa theka la okwana ndi (onani mapu pamwamba, AO shaded).

Nyengo ya chigawo chapakati ndi kum'mwera kwa derali

Central ndi South Tyumen dera phunziro kwa nyengo yabwino, amene anapanga kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Iwo amakhala ndi yofanana kawirikawiri ndi zofunika kwambiri za kuthamanga mumlengalenga, kutentha mpweya, mphepo malangizo kusintha. Zonsezi ndi chifukwa cha ntchito yaikulu zowononga. The Nyengo ali anayi kutchulidwa nyengo: dzinja ndi chirimwe (waukulu), m'dzinja ndi masika (wapakatikati). Zima anapereka okhazikika chisanu chivundikiro. Nyengo mwina amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana wa kusalekerera kwa ofatsa lakuthwa-chokhala. Choncho, kutalika kwa nthawi kutentha mpweya m'munsimu 0 ° C ndi masiku 130 pa chaka mu dera likulu. Dera kum'mwera kwa dera Tyumen pafupifupi 1/3 gawo lonse.

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Dera Tyumen ali nkhokwe ya chimasanduka, akalipo padziko lonse. Ndi mu matumbo ake ndi mbali yofunika ya mpweya dziko ndi mafuta. Buku okwana kufufuza pobowola kuposa kiyubiki mamita 45 miliyoni ^3. Mafuta opangidwa makamaka ob, ndi mpweya mu North. Ndi ndondomeko kugwirizana chitukuko mofulumira derali. The olemekezeka ndiponso wodzaza miyala ya chimasanduka - ndi Fyodorovskoye, Mamontovskoye, ob, Samotlorskoye mpweya - Yamburgskoye, Urengoiskoye, Nyamuliranani. Zagwiridwa peat, khwatsi mchenga, sapropel, miyala ndi mwala miyala, zitsulo miyala (mkuwa chromite, kutsogolera).

Madzi ndi nkhalango chuma

Region ali ndi chidwi katundu wa madzi abwino amene ali anaikira mu mitsinje yaikulu - Irtish ndi ob (phindu yodutsira) Tobol, Great Lakes Uvat, Black neri Al Area Tyumen malo sq M.. Km wotanganidwa ndi nkhalango, wofanana 430 000 (pamahekitala okwana 43). Malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi, izo tithe wachitatu mwa zigawo zonse zitatu za dziko. Kum'mwera ndi akasupe, imene Mitandadza kutentha madzi 37 mpaka 50 ° C, ali nazo katundu balneological ndipo ali otchuka kwambiri osati m'deralo komanso alendo ochokera m'madera oyandikana nawo.

Tyumen dera anthu

Nditaphunzira za m'dera zimene a m'dera Tyumen mu kusanja zigawo, lalikulu bwanji ndi, munthu amachitsimikizira kuti anthu akhale ochuluka. Komabe, apange Kusintha kwa mavuto nyengo imene zovuta moyo. Tyumen dera ndi anthu anthu 3,615,485 (monga la 2016, kuphatikizapo m'maboma yoyenda yokha) asagwe ngakhale pamwamba makumi awiri za mlingo wa zigawo Russian chifukwa cha kalembera lomaliza. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti anali Mbali yachitatu. anthu otsika kwambiri kachulukidwe - 2,47 anthu pa kilometre lalikulu. Anthu ambiri amakhala m'mizinda - 80,12%, zomwe n'zomveka ndithu, monga Madzi oundana ndi Titafika pamalo kupulumuka ku midzi yakutali ndi midzi kovuta.

Koma zikuchokera dziko, anthu ambiri, monga 2010 kalembera - ndi Russian (69.26%). Pa wachiwiri ndi wachitatu chiwerengero apamwamba Chitata (7.07%) ndi Chiyukireniya (4.63%). Ngakhale zochepa Bashkirs ndi Azerbaijanis, 1,37% ndi 1,28% motero. mitundu ina nawo pasanathe 1%. Anthu zakwawoko wa kumpoto: Nenets, Khanty ndi Mansi ankaimira 0,93%, 0,86% ndi 0,34% motero.