Malo amtundu: ndondomeko, zinthu ndi ntchito

Mwamsanga pamene anthu achikulire anayamba kugwirizanitsa, kuti zikhale zosavuta kupulumuka ndi zotetezeka kusaka, iwo anayamba kupanga malo ochezera. Sosaiti pa nthawi imeneyo sizinali, anthu onse anali a fuko lina kapena fuko, loyendetsedwa ndi mtsogoleri (wosaka bwino) kapena shaman.

Monga umunthu ukupita ndi kufalikira pa dziko lapansi, mawonekedwe atsopano a chiyanjano pakati pa anthu amapangidwa.

Mitundu ya malo

Mudziko pali mitundu iwiri ya danga:

• Thupi, lomwe liri cholinga chenicheni chenicheni ndipo lingakhalepo ngakhale kulibe chitukuko;
• Chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe cha ubale wa anthu ndi zikhalidwe zomwe amapanga, zonse zakuthupi ndi zauzimu.

Kusanthula mtundu wachiwiri kungakhale kokha kuchokera ku malo apangidwe ka mbiri ya dziko lapansi ya anthu mkati mwa gawo lachuma, zakuthupi ndi zakanthawi zomwe zinachitika. Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko cha malo a anthu m'nthaŵi yachiyambi chinali chocheperachepera kwambiri, ngakhale kuti mtundu umenewu unalipo kwa zaka masauzande ambiri.

Kuphunzira za dziko loyandikana nawo kwa anthu nthawi zonse limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukula kwa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zotsatira zake zinkachitika kudzera kuntchito, mwachitsanzo, kusaka, kusodza, kumanga nyumba zachikunja, kumanga nyama zakutchire.

Chilichonse chimene anthu achita m'mbiri yonse ya anthu chakhala nacho chokhudza malo, kukulitsa ndi kukulitsa malo ochezera.

Malo ammudzi mu gulu la akapolo

Anthu achikulire omwe anasonkhana m'madera ndi mafuko, omwe anali okhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi mitundu ina. Kawirikawiri iwo sankakayikira kuti kupatula pawo kunalibe malo enieni okhala ndi anthu ena.

Ndi chifukwa cha kukhala kwawo kwaokha ndikuopa kuchoka ku madera awo komwe malo amtundu wa kachitidwe kameneka adakwera pang'onopang'ono. Pomwe maonekedwe akusiyana, gulu la anthu linayamba kuwonjezeka, mizinda ndi midzi inayamba kupangidwa, nkhondo zapansi ndi akapolo zinagwidwa.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, midzi yonse inakhazikitsa miyambo yawo ndi zipembedzo zawo, zipangizo zamakono zowonekera, monga sewerage ndi madzi. Anthu anayamba kuyenda maulendo ataliatali, n'kuyamba kuchita zinthu zina m'madera ena ndi m'mayiko ena, kuti azichita malonda. Motero dongosolo la akapolo linakhazikitsidwa, malinga ndi kusiyana kwa kalasi.

Panthawiyi, osati malo okhaokha, komanso ndale, ndipo chuma chinakula mofulumira. Anthu adasinthasintha miyambo yawo , asayansi anagawana zomwe asayansi amapeza, amalonda ankajambula njira zatsopano zogulitsa katundu - izi ndi momwe mbiriyi inakhazikitsidwira.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anthu sanadzichepetse kudziko lozungulira iwo, ndipo pa maziko ake adakhazikitsa malo atsopano, olamulidwa ndi ochepa.

Malo amtundu wa Middle Ages

Pamene dongosolo la feudal linalowetsa dongosolo la akapolo, malo amtundu wonse adakula kwambiri ndipo anayamba kugwirizana kwambiri. Ngati kale mayiko ena adachotsedwa chifukwa cha chikhalidwe kapena nyengo, ndipo sadagwirizane nawo zochitika za mbiri yakale ndi zachikhalidwe, mgwirizano pakati pawo unayambira mu Middle Ages. Sikunali kuvomerezedwa kokha kuchita malonda pakati pa mayiko, komanso kupikisana pazochitika za sayansi ndi mayiko atsopano. Imodzi mwa njira zowonjezera malo a mbiri yakale ndizokwatirana pakati pa nyumba zachifumu.

Monga momwe tikuonera pa zitsanzo za chitukuko cha chitukuko cha anthu, m'mayiko amphamvu kwambiri malo ochezera aumphawi ali ndi malire akuluakulu ndi chikhalidwe chochuluka cha chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi chuma. Koma ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, malo ozungulira mbiri sanakhazikitsidwe, komabe, malire a dziko lapansi adatsimikiziridwa ngati kutulukira kwa America, India ndi mayiko ena. Anthu adadziŵa kuti ali mbali ya malo omwe anthu onse amakhala nawo.

Malo amtundu wathu mu nthawi yathu

Pamene chitukuko cha zamakono chinakula, mapangidwe a malo adayamba kuchitika pamlingo wa dziko lapansi kudzera ku mgwirizano wa mayiko kukhala msika umodzi. Kupanga m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kunakhala kudalira zowonjezera zipangizo komanso zomaliza. Kupezeka kwa Dziko Latsopano, ku Australia ndi madera ena a dziko lapansi kunapangitsa kufalikira kwa chitukuko ndi chikhalidwe chawo, zomwe zinapangitsa malo ochezera kupitirira Europe ndi Asia.

Zonsezi zinkapweteka kwambiri anthu ena, zomwe zikuwoneka bwino kuchokera ku mbiri ya kugonjetsa dziko la Peru ndi aSpain, pamene ukhondo wakale wa Inca unawonongedwa. Koma, maikowa adalandira zinthu zambiri za sayansi ndi zamakono zomwe zapititsa patsogolo chitukuko chawo.

Mpaka pano, msika wagwirizana kwambiri. M'dziko lina akhoza kukula zipangizo, kwinakwake - kukonza, ndi lachitatu - kuti apange mankhwala omalizira. Mayikowa adalumikizana, makamaka pazinthu zamagetsi. Muzochitika zoterezi, malo omwe anthu amakhala nawo nthawi yoyamba pa nthawi yonse ya chitukuko cha anthu adapeza malo amodzi, malo, chuma, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chimodzi pa dziko lonse lapansi.

Chiwerengero cha malo omasuka

Popeza malo amtundu wa anthu ndi opangidwa kuchokera ku zochitika za moyo wa anthu komanso kukhala pa ndege, akhoza kugawa malingana ndi zizindikiro zingapo:

• Choyamba, pa lingaliro la zenizeni, zomwe zingakhale zomvera komanso zolinga. Njira yaikulu yophunzirira dziko loyandikana ndilo lingaliro la munthu payekha, kapena kugwirizana kwa magulu, omwe ali ndi anthu ogwirizana ndi kamodzi kamodzi pa izo.
• Chachiwiri, mwachiwiri. Malo amtundu wa anthu alipo panthawi imodzi pokhapokha pa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, chomwe chikuwonetseredwa mu kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zachirengedwe za zochitika zowonongeka ndipo panthaŵi yomweyo kugawidwa kwa iwo pakati pa anthu okhalamo.

Choncho, kulingalira pazomwe zimakhazikika komanso zolinga ndi mbali ziwiri za malo omwewo. Zimatanthauzanso kuti popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mapulani, chikhalidwe sichitha kukhalapo.

Lingaliro la malo achitukuko ndi zachuma

Monga momwe mbiriyakale ya kukhalapo kwa chitukuko chaumunthu ikuwonetsera, dziko linakula mosiyana. Mayiko ena mwamsanga adakhala olemera kapena anakhala maulamuliro aakulu, kulanda madera akunja, ena - atayika pankhope ya Dziko lapansi kapena amafanana ndi chikhalidwe chachilendo cha ogonjetsa.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, malo, chuma ndi chikhalidwe, zomwe zikutanthauza gawo lodzaza ndi zinthu zambiri zachuma, mafakitale ndi mphamvu, zimapangidwanso.

Poyambirira, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chitukuko kunaonekera kwambiri, pamene m'mayiko amasiku ano mayiko ambiri adalumikiza zachilengedwe, zothandiza komanso zothandiza anthu. Kuwonetseratu kusagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje ndi njira zoyankhulirana, kukhazikitsa mabungwe ogwirizana a mabanki, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo amtundu wotetezera ufulu wa anthu, ndi zina zambiri zomwe zapangitsa kuti mayiko olemera ndi otukuka kwambiri apambane pa osauka, omwe anali asanafike zaka 200-300 zapitazo.

Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri ndi European Union, chomwe chinangogwirizanitsa mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi azachuma, komanso kugwirizanitsa bwino ndi mayiko ena monga China, Japan, USA, Canada ndi ena.

Lingaliro la nthawi ya chikhalidwe

Nthawi ya kalendala ilipo mosasamala kanthu kwa kukhalapo kwa anthu mmenemo. Asanawoneke, masikuwo adasinthidwa usiku, mabalabowo anayenda, chilengedwe "chinamwalira" ndipo chinabadwanso ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, ndipo zidzakhala choncho, ngati umunthu umatha.

Malo amtundu ndi nthawi, mmalo mwake, zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito za anthu nthawi yosiyana siyana. Ngati anthu achikulire sakanakhala ndi nthawi yeniyeni, ndipo tsiku lobadwa lingakumbukiridwe pokhapokha pa chochitika, mwachitsanzo moto kapena chigumula, ndiye pafupi zaka 500 BC. E. Iwo amayamba kuzindikira kutsiriza kwake ndi kufunikira kwa moyo wawo.

Zinali panthawi imeneyi kwa zaka mazana angapo, akatswiri ambiri a filosofi, asayansi, olemba ndakatulo, akatswiri ojambula zithunzi ndi olemba ndale anabadwira, monga panalibe zaka zikwi makumi ambiri kale. Nthawi inayamba kukhala ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso mbiri.

Liwiro lake linasinthidwanso. Zomwe zinkaonedwa kuti ndizitali, mwachitsanzo, kuyenda, kubweretsa katundu kapena makalata, m'dziko lamakono ndiliwiro. Masiku ano, anthu amadziwa kufunika kwa nthawi ndikuchigwirizanitsa osati nthawi yokha kapena moyo wawo wonse, komanso ndi kupambana kwake, ntchito komanso ntchito.

"Kuphatikizidwa" kwa munthu pamalo ochezera

Zomwe anthu amazipanga pamalo ammudzi zimatengedwa kuti ndi zowonjezera. Izi zingakhale magulu osiyanasiyana.

• Kusakhazikika, kuphatikizidwa mwangozi kapena mwachangu kwa kanthawi kochepa, mwachitsanzo, omvera ku cinema.

• Kukhazikika-pakati, kuyanjana kwa nthawi yaitali, mwachitsanzo, ophunzira a kalasi yomweyo.
• Mizinda yolimba ndi anthu komanso makalasi.

"Kuphatikizidwa" kwa anthu m'gulu lililonse kumapanga malo omwe amakhala nawo panthawi ina. Munthu sangapewe kuyanjana ndi mabungwe onse aumphawi (boma, banja, asilikali, sukulu ndi ena), popeza ndizokhazikitsidwa.

Chikhalidwe ndi malo amtundu

Chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chomwe anthu amapanga, kusunga ndi kukulitsa zauzimu ndi zakuthupi. Idzaza ndi zinthu za ntchito za anthu zomwe zinapangidwira nthawi yonse ya kukhalapo kwake.

Zinthu zauzimu zimaphatikizapo miyambo ya anthu, chikhalidwe, chipembedzo ndi maubwenzi a anthu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana pazandale, chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro.

Kupanga malo ochezera

Pali njira ziwiri zokonzekera:

• Zosamvetsetseka, pamene munthu amamukakamiza kupyolera mu ntchito zake, mwachitsanzo, kudzera muzinthu zogwira ntchito kapena ntchito;
• Njira yozindikira, pamene anthu, ogwirizana palimodzi kapena pamtunda wa anthu onse, amapanga chatsopano kapena kusintha malo okalamba, mwachitsanzo, panthawi ya kusintha.

Popeza kuti mtundu umenewu umagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochita za anthu, umakhala ukukula nthawi zonse, pamene maonekedwe ake amatha kutha, pamene ena akhoza kuwuka. Ngakhale pali anthu, malo ammudzi adzakhala gawo la ntchito yawo.