Mehmed II: yonena za Ottoman Sultan

Mu May, 1453 pa magombe a Bosphorus anali chochitika, unakhudzadi kwambiri pa lonse Inde zina za mbiri ya dziko lapansi. Atalephera kupirira alimbane wa khamu Turkey, Constantinople anagwa, kwa zaka zambiri, ndi linga cha Orthodox ndipo adatchedwa Chachiwiri Rome. Iye chaired ankhondo a Ottoman akadali kwambiri achinyamata Sultan Mehmed II, amene yonena chinali chiyambi cha nkhani imeneyi.

wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu

March 30, 1432, mdzakazi Greek anabereka ndi Sultan wa Ottoman mwana wachinayi Murad II amene anakhala m'malo mwake ndipo anapita pansi mu mbiri monga Mehmed II Fatih (Mgonjetsi). Tikumbukenso kuti poyamba bambo si kukonzekera munda ngati mkulu, monga mwa kubadwa kwa kapolo ankawaona pansipa abale achikulire, amayi anali mfulu Turkey mkazi. Komabe, onse a iwo anafa ali aang'ono, mwana wa kapolo anamasulidwa njira mphamvu wamkulu.

Pa moyo wa Mehmed II abale, yemwe makolo (makamaka abambo) sanaone iye wolamulira wam'tsogolo, anakulira monga momwe ana onse mabanja olemera, amene amadzipereka masewera ndi zosangalatsa. Koma pambuyo pa imfa ya ana wamkulu Murad II anakakamizika ukasintha maganizo awo kwa mwana amene tsoka kwambiri anasankha wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu, ndi kuyesetsa kuonetsetsa, kukonzekera kwa kukhazikitsa tsogolo la ntchito yonyozeka.

Zinachitikira woyamba wa Board

chisamaliro onse ndi maphunziro a m'malo mwake Sultan udindo High Vizier Khalil. Pansi tutelage wake Mehmed mu nthawi yochepa analandira zofunika zofunika kuchuluka kwa kudziwa chomwe pambuyo zinamupatsa kusintha ngati sayansi ankhondo ndi luso la zokambirana.

biographies zomwe zilipo kwa wogonjetsa Ottoman akusonyeza kuti Mehmed II anayamba kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti ntchito zaboma monga chakumayambiriro kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, kukhala kazembe wa chigawo Manisskoy. Komabe, mukubwera mzera chimene chinamuthandiza mu izi chimodzimodzi nthawi zonse wophunzitsa ndi Mlangizi - Wamkulukulu Vizier Khalil. Ine nkomwe ayenera kudabwa. Ndithudi, mu manja ake mphamvu yeniyeni, ndi mwana wakhanda, Murad II yoikidwiratu yekha wolamulira mwadzina, kum'patsa Choncho mwayi adakali aang'ono kuti agwirizane luso la boma.

Amadziwika kuti, monga mtsogoleri bwino asilikali ndi waluso nthumwi, Murad II koma osautsidwa ndi maulamuliro ndi anaonetsa chokhumba mwamsanga ndi kuika gulu la ufumuwo kuti m'malo mwake, ndi kuti amachita zokondweretsa za idleness m'nyumba yake yachifumu wapamwamba Magnesia. maloto anabweretsa moyo mu 1444, kupanga mwana wa Sultan, koma anamusiya pansi pa chisamaliro cha vizier chomwecho. Zimenezi n'zomveka, chifukwa Mehmed anali wokalamba sadzachitanso khumi ndi ziwiri.

ndi m'mbuyo pang'ono Kalanga

Koma ulendo woyamba pa wolamulira wachinyamata anatembenuka Ndithudi chimauma. chakuti, ndi khalidwe lake kwa khumbo lake zaka kuyesa chinthu chosatheka, mnyamata mwachinsinsi anakhazikitsa paubwenzi ndi atsikana yoletsedwa lachipembedzo mu ufumu wa Sufis. Atamva izi, mphunzitsiyo analamula wa dervish awo mlaliki amene amadzinenera yosokera wolamulira wachinyamata.

kuphedwa unachitika ndipo anali zotsatira mosayembekezeka. Amakwiya kulemekeza zinthu zopatulika, anagalukira Janissaries azimvetsa gululi. Zitatha izi, masuku pamutu mphindi, mu kumvera kwa anthu a Anatolia, ndi zapambuyo pawo, ndipo anthu Mkhristu wa Varna. Choncho, mwazi wa mlaliki woyendayenda, anali kuchititsa chisokonezo kwambiri.

Ambiri, ine kudula osauka chithunzi NAC anzeru Vizier - ngati yabwino, koma kunapezeka ... ndinali kusiya Murad II pa nthawi ya harem wake, komanso kutukwana ndi hapless Khalil, kachiwiri kapadera maudindo awo Sultan. Pambuyo fiasco izi kucheza ndi mphamvu ya Mehmed II zaka ziwiri anakhala m'bwalo, sizikutsimikizira yokha ndi kuyesera kuti maso bambo ake.

mavuto m'banja

Koma, umboni ndi biographers, ndi 1148 kale zaka sikisitini wolowa Sultan kachiwiri kukakhala nawo pa zochitika onse. Ndipo kupitiriza zopanda pake aliyense izo mu mutu wake, anaganiza amachita okalamba ndi kutsimikiziridwa njira - kukwatira Man. Udzapeza banja - zikhazikike.

Koma kuno, inu osayamika Scion anakwanitsa kukhumudwitsa bambo ake - kugona tulo mkazi ukapolo-Christian amene ndinawona umodzi wa misika kapolo. Imbirani serenades iye sanatero, ndi chabe akulipira kukongola zambiri zofunika, wabweretsa kunyumba ndi mkazi (adakali wamakhalidwe anali munthu). Anamuberekera mwana wamwamuna, analandira dzina Muslim ndi Bayazid zaka zambiri unachita amapha mu moyo wa bambo ake.

Poyamba - Sufis ampatuko, ndi tsopano - mkazi wachikhristu, ayi, anali kwambiri. Kulamulira ufumu waukulu, ndipo kulikonse chokumanako kudzichepetsa, Murad II sanathe kulimbana ndi mwana wake. Kukwiyira bambo anasankha mkwatibwi oyenera womveka banja Turkey. Ine ndinali kumvera. Malinga ndi mwambo wa pa nkhope ya mkazi wake, anangoona atakwatirana. chakuti anapereka palokha maganizo ake, tikhoza ndikulingalira, koma amadziwika kuti "mphatso" Iye safuna kuti ngakhale kulowa harem lapansi.

Ambuye wa Ufumu

Mu February wa 1451 mu moyo wa Ottoman linali chochitika chofunika - atamwalira wolamulira wake, Sultan Murad II - bambo Mehmed. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo kuti izo potsiriza anadutsa mphamvu zonse, natenga ntchito yake, chinthu choyamba chimene iye anamuchotsa ndi odana zotheka ndi Woyesana mphamvu - khanda atate wake, ndiye, m'bale wake.

Mehmed II analamula kuti aphedwe, ndipo palibe amene anachititsa sakufuna kuti mumulalikire. Khalani Kupha theka pretenders ufumu ndi woyamba unachitika mu bwalo, koma tsopano wakhala legislated. Popeza kuthetsedwa ndi m'bale wake, mfumu yakumeneko wamng'ono anatumiza kwa scaffold, ndi wotopetsa kwambiri awathandize bwinobwino iye - Vizier Khalil.

Malinga ndi Maulendo a m'nthawi, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II anali wanzeru ndiponso amphamvu, koma pa nthawi yomweyo mwachinsinsi kwambiri, sizimadziwika ndi angathe kutsogolera mfundo zotsutsana. maonekedwe ake, tingakhale mokwanira adzaweruzidwa potengera zithunzi moyo analengedwa ndi ambuye Loona za burashi, ndi otchuka kwambiri omwe ndi Amitundu Bellini. Pa nsalu zokha ayi wake wojambula zotsatirazi izi otsika, koma wodzala mphamvu mumtima wa munthu, yokhota kumapeto zitamangiriridwa mphuno amene anapereka nkhope ndi mawu oopsa.

N'zachinyengo ndi chinyengo

Anadzazidwa ndi woona kum'mawa mochenjera, ndi adzagonjetse anayamba ntchito yake ndi anayesera kuti kulenga chithunzi ena ya kukhazikitsa mtendere. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, iye sanasiye kutsimikizira oimira a mayiko Western ku khama lawo kukhazikitsa bata ndi mutendele m'derali, ndipo ngakhale analumbira kwa kazembe Constantine IX Byzantine mfumu pa Koran sadzakhalapo zopha chuma chake. Lonjezo adawomba ndendende zaka ziwiri tsiku pamene anabweretsa pansi makoma a Constantinople ndi mphamvu ya ankhondo ake, popeza anagonjetsa linga lolimba onse a Chikhristu.

Koma posakhalitsa, izo anaonetsera poyera tanthauzo lenileni la malamulo ake. Kuyambira 1452, Sultan Mehmed II wa, ngakhale malonjezo ake, anali kukonzekera analanda likulu Byzantine. Near Constantinople anamanga malinga, ndipo pa gombe la m'mavuto yomwe Zombo Venetian amalonda anabwera ku Nyanja Black ku Mediterranean, anapereka mfuti. Chifukwa choopa kuphedwa atangochimwa apaulendo onse akuluakulu ake mlandu msonkho, amene kwenikweni, ndiye zosaneneka kuba.

Kugwa kwa Ufumu Byzantine

Mu April 1453, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II wa kenako anapita yekha makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, anapita kwa mpanda wa Rome Chachiwiri ndi asilikali zikwi zana, amene nkhani wachisanu wa mng'alu regiments wa Janissaries. Pochita zimenezi zokometsera chidwi asilikali a mumzindawo kupirira amuna asanu okha zikwi. Magulu anali kwambiri wosiyana ndi 29 May, Constantinople analandidwa. Atagwa mu Ufumu wa Roma, anali wachiwiri tsoka lonse mu mbiri ya dziko la Chikhristu, omwe anakhala chifukwa kuyambira pakatikati Orthodox dziko lapita ku Moscow, analandira udindo wa Rome Chachitatu.

Pambuyo pa adani a mzinda wa Turkey napha anthu ake, ndi amene akhoza anagulitsidwa ku ukapolo ndipo anatumizidwa ku misika kapolo. Iye anafa tsiku limenelo, ndipo Mfumu yekha - anali atangothamangitsidwa anakwera wachifumu, Constantine XI. Zomvetsa chisoni, koma m'mbali zambiri zothandiza tsogolo la Byzantine mkulu Luka Notar.

Modalira kuwolowa manja kwa mdani, iye anali wothandiza kugonja zaufulu za mzindawo, zimene posachedwa analipira mtengo. Pamene likulu linali m'manja mwa anthu a ku Turkey, ndiye mwana wake wamng'ono ndipo kwambiri cadidi anaona yekha Mehmed II. Gulu la akazi a anyamatawo anali kufooka kwake, ndi Sultan anaganiza zitakwanira. Atalandira kukana sankasangalala, iye sanatsutse, ndipo analamula yomweyo banja lonse.

Likulu latsopano la ufumuwo

Chikadzangotha adani a Constantinople ndi Mehmed II sadamloleza ku Adrianople, likulu la ufumu wake, amene anathandiza kuti mlingo inflow a anthu Turkey. A la mumzinda - Galata, kale nthawi kuti njuchi Genoese -fully anakhala pansi makonzedwe a Sultan komanso posakhalitsa litadzala ndi Turkey. Komanso, Mehmed II a akazi ndi adzakazi, amene anali kale mu womwe kale unali likulu anasamukira ku Constantinople ndi onse harem ake ambiri.

Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a ulamuliro Ottoman, waukulu Mkhristu kachisi mzinda - Hagia Sophia - anali n'kukhala kumsikiti. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti m'gawo wotanganidwa anali adakali ambiri a mwa anthu omwe ankakhala Mkhristu, vuto lalikulu linali funso la kuthetsa moyo chipembedzo chawo.

Sultan ubwenzi kwa Amitundu

Dziwani kuti Mehmed II mu ndondomeko wake zoweta ankatsogoleredwa ndi mfundo za kulolerana, ndi ulamuliro wake nthawi zina Amitundu kumva zambiri omasuka kuposa m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya, kumene nthawi anapita kuyimbidwa kwa dissent achipembedzo. Makamaka pachimake ndi maganizo Ayuda - othawa ku mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, kuthawira ku kusaka ndi ambiri kufika mu Ottoman.

Kuti kusamalira anthu ochuluka Mkhristu Ufumu Sultan ulamuliro wake anamuika Kanyaniko, amene anapita mu mbiri monga kholo lakale Gennady II Scholarios. Wotchuka kwambiri m'zachipembedzo wa nthawi yake, iye anali woyambitsa wa ntchito zambiri zamulungu ndipo nthanthi ndi pangano tikafike iwo ndi kuthetsa ubale pakati pa akuluakulu a Muslim ndi madera Orthodox chomveka mpaka 1923. Choncho, kholo Gennadiy Sholary ndi Mehmet II anatha kuteteza kupewa Zikatero Kuchotsa magazi pa malo achipembedzo.

maulendo latsopano

Pambuyo pa zochitika mkati anali okhazikika Mehmed II Mgonjetsi anapitiriza mfundo wake wonyenga. Pa zaka khumi mapazi ake anagwa Trebizond Ufumu, umene unali zoyamba za njuchi Byzantine, Serbia, Bosnia, Athens duchy, ukulu Marey ndi zina zambiri limati kale palokha.

Mu 1475, pansi pa ulamuliro wa Ottoman yokutidwa Krymskoe Hanstvo ndi likulu lake - mzinda wa Kaffa, panopa Feodosiya. Pamaso pa anawazunza awo zingawonongeka ndithu ku mayiko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, nalowa Ottoman ndipo kwambiri kulimbitsa asilikali ake mwina kunapangitsa njira yokopa latsopano kuwagonjetsa Mehmed II.

Imfa si kuwonjezera ulemerero

Limodzi la mayiko angapo kuti anakwanitsa kulimbana ndi mfumu ina, anali ndi Republic of Venice. Atalephera kuti akunde lake pankhondo, Mehmed Mukalowa mu 1479 mgwirizano pa maziko zomwe Avenetia analandira ufulu malonda ufulu mkati Ottoman. Izi makamaka anakumasulani manja ake pa ntchito zina ndipo mu 1480 asilikali ake anapanga adani a kum'mwera Italy. Koma tsoka naye, ntchito imeneyi anali womaliza pa moyo wa mgonjetsi. Iye anafa mwadzidzidzi pakati pa nkhondoyo, koma osati nkhondo, ndi muhema wake.

Akukhulupirira kuti Mehmed II wa, ndiye wolowa oyenera amene ali ku mkazi wa Mkristu, anakhala anthu a chiwembu a. Akukhulupirira kuti ludzu mphamvu kutsogoleredwa ndi Bayezid (za izo kale tamutchula m'nkhani) anacititsa dokotala munthu bambo ake kumupatsa mlingo woopsa wa osokoneza bongo chifukwa cha zimene iye anafa. Ngakhale pamaso pa maliro a mwana Mehmed II anatenga malo ake pa mpando wachifumu monga wolamulira wotsatira wa Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II.

Mwachidule Board Mehmet II wa akatswiri a mbiri yakale amavomereza kuti iye anali wokhoza kwakukulukulu kusintha mkhalidwe wa mitu European wa dziko la ufumu wake ndi kukakamiza kuzindikira ofanana mwa mphamvu yaikulu ya chi. pamene iye anatenga malo ake mu mbiri ya dziko, pamodzi ndi mtsogoleri kwambiri asilikali ndi States.

Kwa zaka izi, olamulira anasintha boma zidalengedwa mwa iye, koma chifukwa cha mfundo zawo zapakhomo komanso akunja anali mfundo oikidwa ndi Sultan Mehmed II. Chief mwa iwo anali patsogolo, pamodzi ndi kulolerana wachibale achipembedzo pankhani ya anthu anagonjetsa.