Chiameniya kupululutsa cha 1915: amayambitsa. Chiameniya kupululutsa cha 1915: zotsatira. Mbiri ya 1915 kupululutsa

Turkey kupululutsa a ku Armenia mu 1915, bungwe pa dera la Ottoman, anali mmodzi wa zochitika zambiri zoopsa nyengo yake. Oimira m'mafuko aang'ono anathamangitsidwa m'dzikolo imene masauzande kapena ngakhale mamiliyoni ambiri anafa (malingana Ziwerengero). Izi kampeni ya awonongedwe chiwembuchi Chiameniya tsopano anazindikira mwa mayiko ambiri kwa anthu padziko lonse. Mu Turkey lokha sindimagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso ichi.

prerequisites

Pa kupha ndi magulu a Ottoman anali zimayambitsa osiyana ndi zifukwa. Chiameniya kupululutsa cha 1915 chinali chifukwa cha udindo wosiyana a ku Armenia ndi mitundu Turkey ambiri m'dzikoli. Population lilibe osati pa malo dziko komanso chipembedzo. Armenia anali Akhristu ndipo anali palokha awo mpingo. Turkey ndi Sunnis.

Mu anthu sanali Muslim anali udindo wa dhimmi. Anthu amene akugwa pansi tanthauzo limeneli, mulibe ufulu usilikali ndipo kuti akaonekere kukhoti monga mboni. Iwo anayenera kupereka msonkho waukulu kwambiri. Armenia, ku mbali yaikulu, anali osauka. Iwo makamaka chinkhoswe mu ulimi m'mayiko awo omwewo. Komabe, pakati pa anthu Turkey anali akufalitsa stereotype bwino ndi mochenjera ndi wamalonda Chiameniya, ndi zina zotero. D. yachidule Izi zimawonjezera anthu kudana ochepa izi mitundu. maubwenzi amenewa zovuta angayerekezedwe ndi ambiri odana Semitism m'mayiko ambiri nthawi.

M'zigawo Caucasus Ufumu wa Ottoman, zinthu litamkiramkira, ndi chifukwa chakuti mayiko amenewa pambuyo pa nkhondo ndi Russia zapolonyayut othawa Muslim, amene, chifukwa cha zinthu zawo losauka zonse kubwera zosemphana ndi Armenia m'deralo. mwanjira ina, koma anthu Turkey ndi boma fevered. Iwo anali wokonzeka kulandira adzaimira Chiameniya kupululutsa (1915). Zimayambitsa vutoli ndi zakuya Rift ndi udani pakati pa anthu a mitundu iwiriyi. Chinafunika ndi mphanvu izo zikanakhala akayaka moto waukulu.

The First World nkhondo

Chifukwa cha ulimi mfuti 1908 mu Ottoman anayamba kulamulira, chipani İttihat ( "Union ndi Patsogolo"). mamembala ake amadzitcha okha Young Turkey. Boma latsopano mopupuluma kufunafuna malingaliro amene ife tikhoza kumanga boma lawo. maziko Analeredwa ndi Pan-Turkism ndi Turkey dziko - mfundo sayenera kanthu zabwino Armenia ndi ing'onoing'ono ina.

Mu 1914, Ottoman chotsatirapo cha mfundo zake zatsopano anapanga pangano ndi Germany ndi Kaiser a. Malinga ndi pangano a mitundu anavomera imapatsa ku Caucasus, Turkey, kumene anthu ambiri Muslim moyo. Koma m'dera lomwelo anali Akhristu ndi Armenia.

Ndi kulowa kwa Turkey mu nkhondo yoyamba anayamba ndi chizunzo woyamba ndi onse si aslam ai, kuphatikizapo waudindo katundu boma. Pa nthawi yomweyo akuluakulu anatchedwa jehad - nkhondo woyera ndi osakhulupirira. Pamwamba dhimmis anayamba kusonkhanitsa mitambo akuopsa. Akupitirizabe akuyandikira chiwembuchi Chiameniya (1915), zimayambitsa zomwe ife m'nkhani yathu.

kupha loyamba

Pamene Ottoman anali yekha analowa First World nkhondo kumbali ya Germany, yolimbikitsa analengeza m'dziko lonselo. Mu pempho ndi amuna Chiameniya. asilikali awo makamaka nawo pankhondo yolimbana ndi Perisiya ndi Russia. Koma kuyambira pa chiyambi cha Turkey anayamba kuvutika kugonjetsedwa njira pa amadzibisa onse. A nkhonya kwambiri Istanbul anali kugonjetsedwa mu nkhondo ya sarikamish mu December 1914 - January 1915. Akuluakulu ndiye wolakwa, chifukwa cha zimene Russian Imperial Army akwaniritsa chigonjetso. Kumene, iwo anali Armenia.

Kale mu February, misa Kusiya wa asilikali a fuko limenelo. Kudzera kulandidwa ndi zinachitika anthu Okwana zikwi zana limodzi. Ndiye anadza kuphana woyamba pa malo mitundu. asilikali Chiameniya, amene sanafune kumvera lamulo, unceremoniously mosatsata moyo. Zokayikitsa kuzunzidwa. Mphekesera a Kusiya molakwika seeped ku Istanbul, kumene TV onse kufalitsa uthenga wa oukira ndi azondi. Izo sizinali chiwembuchi Chiameniya cha 1915, ndi zing'wenyeng'wenye ake.

kuwasamutsa

Ophiphiritsa dziko lonse lasanduka tsiku April 24, 1915. The Chiameniya kupululutsa lero amagwirizana ndi tsiku ili (Mwachitsanzo, anthu amaona kuti tsiku la chikumbutso kwa akuvutika chifukwa cha kupululutsa ku Armenia). Izo ndi zolumikizana ndi ndiye zochitika mu Istanbul. April 24, 1915, nthawi yoyamba ija, kenako anawathamangitsa m'dzikolo Chiameniya osankhika likulu la Ufumu wa Ottoman. Zimene zinachitikazi mbendera yokopa ofanana kudutsa dziko.

Ngakhale pamaso pa zochitika za magulu Istanbul anali pansi okhala Chiameniya a zigawo frontline. Akuluakulu anawathamangitsa pansi napemphera monyenga wasamuka ku madera otetezeka. Ndipotu anthu anatumizidwa ku chipululu, kumene massively pang'ono kufa ndi ludzu, njala, ndi mavuto adzaoneni moyo. Ichi chidachitika purposefully. Pa maulendo amenewa anatumiza azimayi, ana ndiponso okalamba - anthu amene sanathe kuima okha. amuna zinamangidwa pasadakhale kupewa wotsutsa aliyense bungwe.

Mu May, chiwembuchi Chiameniya mu 1915 yokutidwa madera a yaying'ono okhala anthu a Anatolia - derali lili kutali zisudzo ntchito. Tsopano, akuluakulu a boma analibe ngakhale munthu amapereka ndithu kuti resettlement. Komabe, nthawi imene flywheel wa kupondereza kale amalimbikitsa ndiponso kuthamangitsidwa kampeni anatenga chigumukire.

April chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mu Van Chiameniya kupanduka kunabuka. M'dzikoli, podziwa chimene kudikirira nthawi ya kuwasamutsa, anamenya nkhondo. Iwo anali wotumidwa ndi maulamuliro kumenyana ndi la Turkey anapitiriza kwa mwezi umodzi. Armenia kuyembekezera kubera asilikali Russian, amene adapulumuka kwayandikirako imfa ya anthu wamba. Pa nkhondo tcheru ndi kupulula yapitayi miyoyo wopanduka wataya pafupi makumi asanu zikwi Armenia. Kwa chiwembuchi mu Ottoman anali ochepa lalikulu magawo a kusamvera. Akuluakulu Turkey ntchito uthenga za iwo monga umboni wa chopereka ndi ukali wa ku Armenia.

The apogee la ntchito odana Chiameniya

May 26 Nduna ya za M'dziko wa Ottoman, Talaat Pasha wawakonzera lamulo latsopano, malinga ndi zimene anawachotsa anali kukhala phunziro kwa anthu amene amatsutsa malamulo a boma. Mu June, iye analamula kupita la Armenia zonse zochokera pafupifupi khumi zigawo kum'mawa kwa dzikoli. kampeni wina zinachitikadi malamulo ochepa. Malinga ndi malamulo, mphamvu iliyonse dera chiwerengero cha ku Armenia ankayenera kuti kusanduka 10% kuchokera ena alionse Muslim. Komanso ochepa mitundu choletsedwa kutsegula masukulu awo awo ndi midzi yake yatsopano ankayenera kukhala pa mtunda wautali Chrixitu.

Mu July athamangitsidwe anakumbatira zigawo kumadzulo imfayo wonse Ottoman. Chifukwa Chiameniya kupululutsa April 24, 1915 ndi miyezi zotsatirazi anali ndi poto-Turkic malamulo a apolisi. Komabe, ku likulu ndi mmizinda yaikulu kuthamangitsidwa sanatenge choncho chachikulu. Iwo anali olumikizidwa ndi chakuti boma adawopa olengeza atolankhani akunja kukhalamo Istanbul, umatchedwa Izmir, ndi zina zotero. D.

Kupha pa magulu anali m'magulu. Komanso, ambiri a ku Armenia anafa mavuto oipa a msewu kapena ku ndende. Kenako, khoti Turkey umboni kuti aboma akhala akuchita zatsopano zachipatala pa mamembala a m'mafuko aang'ono. Iwo, makamaka, kuyesa katemera motsutsana Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi. Zikwi Armenia ankafa tsiku lililonse kwa mtengo ndi nkhanza gendarmes.

ovulala

Today pali zingapo kuwunika kosiyana ndi mmene ambiri anaphedwa ndipo anavulala pa zochitika Ottoman cha zaka. Mbiri ya 1915 Chiameniya kupululutsa akupitirizabe kuphunzira ku mayunivesite osiyana kuzungulira dziko. magwero Open, kupenda umboni.

Mwachitsanzo, mu August 1915, mmodzi wa atsogoleri a Young Turkey, Enver Pasha anali kuzikamba 300 zikwi Armenia zatha. German womenyera ufulu chikhalidwe Johannes Lepsius, amene anachita kufufuza wake wa zochitika kum'thamangitsa anapanga zopereka angapo zopelekedwa. Anatchula chithunzi cha akufa miliyoni. Lepsius m'mbiri ya kupululutsa wa Armenia anali kusanthula mu 1915. Makamaka, iye ananena kuti anthu pafupifupi 300 zikwi kukakamizidwa kutembenukira kwa Islam.

maphunziro amakono amati zosiyanasiyana kanjedza. Mwachitsanzo, Turkey, amati 200 zikwi akufa, pamene magazini Chiameniya zonena 2 miliyoni. Ndipo Mwachitsanzo, Buku wotchuka "Britannica" sapereka Ziwerengero molondola, kutsatira osiyanasiyana kwambiri kuchokera kwa anthu 600 zikwi kwa pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni. Pano pali anali mu April 1915 ...

Chiameniya yoona zinthu zonse nthawi kuti ali kale. Panapita zaka amene anafa mboni lotsiriza la nkhanza. Akuluakulu Ottoman akadali pa nthawi kuthamangitsidwa ndi kupha kwawo yokopa mosamala kuwataya zikalata, malamulo olembedwa ndi zina, chimene chingalowe mokwanira adzaweruza chimene chinachitika. Zonsezi pamodzi kumabweretsa mavuto amenewa Ziwerengero osiyana.

The asilikali ku Turkey

Akuyesetsa ndi akuluakulu Ottoman kubisa umbanda wawo, uthenga za magulu ndi ziwembu zopha n'kosaloleka a anthu wamba anayamba kutayikira kunja. Kale mu May 1915, adani a Entente (Britain, France ndi Russia) anasaina atchedwe olowa amene anaitana Istanbul amasiya repressions ndi anthu ake omwe. Kumene Mawu amenewa kapena sizinathandize.

Revaluation ngozi mu Turkey zinachitika yekha mu 1918, pamene dziko idagonjetsedwa pa First World nkhondo. Istanbul anali kulamulidwa ndi mphamvu anagwirizana, ndi anthu oyamba a boma yapita pasadakhale anathawira kunja kwa dzikoli. Amenewa anali Young Turkey, amene anapanga chiwembu asilikali mu 1908 yolalikira m'dziko lake mu yoyamba ya padziko lonse kumbali ya Germany.

Tsopano adani pa Ufulu wa wopambana anafuna ndi kufufuza zimene zinachititsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni la Armenia ndi akuluakulu Ottoman chatsopano (1915). Zifukwa mbiri, otsalafe zikalata - zonse mosamala anafufuza pa bungwe loweluza anayamba kugwira ntchito yake mu December 1918 (amene akali miyezi ingapo mayesero atagwira ntchito m'boma). Izo zatsimikiziridwa kuti kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba anachita mwadongosolo, omwe ndi mayiko nkhondo upandu.

The culprits waukulu tsoka akhala anazindikira: Talaat Pasha (Minister kale Mkati ndi Grand Vizier), Enver Pasha (mmodzi wa atsogoleri a Young Turkey), ndipo Djemal Pasha (komanso chipani functionary). Atatu awa, pamene mphamvu, analenga triumvirate zosavomerezeka natenga zochita zonse zofunika boma. The Khoti kuti aphedwe mu absentia, monga iwo anathawa dziko madzulo a maonekedwe a asilikali Entente ku Istanbul.

"Opaleshoni Nemesis"

Komvetsa chisoni Chiameniya kupululutsa (1915), zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira kuti akhala ankaona kukhoti, kwa zaka zambiri, anatchula padziko lonse. Mu 1919, Congress anapambana "Dashnaktsutiun" kumene palokha Armenia. Izi kulamulira Chiameniya chipani wapanga mndandanda wa mayina ambiri a anthu amene anali initiators chachikulu ndi executors wa kupondereza ndi Armenia mu Ottoman.

Ndipotu, pa Congress a "Dashnaktsutiun" analengeza kampeni kubwezera amachirikiza tsoka dziko. Ngakhale pa nthawi Istanbul ndi ntchito kwa kuweruza woipa atsogoleri a Young Turkey, adakhoza kupewa chilango. Yerevan anakana njira malamulo a nkhondo yolimbana ndi perpetrators fuko. Iwo anayamba kukonza za kupha anthu nawo mndandanda kugunda wa chipanichi. kampeni unkatchedwa "Opaleshoni Nemesis" (a ponena za Nemesis - Greek wamkazi wa chilango).

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1918 mpaka 1922. ntchito za yambiri ya boma Ottoman anaphedwa, zinayambitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni wa Armenia (1915). zifukwa kale kuonedwa ndi bwalo Turkey asilikali ndi akaidi - zatsimikiziridwa. Ngakhale "Dashnaktsutyun" olimbikitsa kuchita chiopsezo chawo, iwo nthawi zonse ananena kuti kokha kuchita zisankho yovomerezeka ya bwalo lonse.

Kupha atsogoleri a Young Turkey

March 15, 1921 mu Berlin Chiameniya soghomon tehlirian pamaso pa mboni zambiri anapha Talaat Pasha, amene anali kubisala mu Europe pansi dzina kapadera. Gunman pomwepo ndi apolisi German. Mlanduwo unayamba. Tehlirian anadzipereka kuteteza maloya bwino mu Germany. Dongosololi zinachititsa kuti lonse kumveka anthu. Pa mlandu zinali kachiwiri anafuulira mfundo zambiri za chiwembuchi Chiameniya mu Ottoman. Tehlirian sensationally ndilibe mlandu. Kenako anasamuka ku United States, ndipo anamwalira mu 1960.

Munthu winanso amene yaikulu ya "Opaleshoni Nemesis" anali Djemal Pasha, amene anaphedwa mu Tbilisi mu 1922. Mu chaka chomwecho membala wina wa triumvirate wa Enver anaphedwa pa nkhondoyo ndi Red Army mu Tajikistan ano. Iye anathawira ku Central Asia, kumene nthawi zina akhala nawo mbali mwachangu Basmach kuyenda.

chithandizo malamulo

Tikumbukenso kuti mawu akuti "kupululutsa" inatuluka mu lotanthauzira malamulo yaitali pambuyo zotchulidwa. Mawu anatuluka mu 1943 ndipo sanalengedwe kupha unyinji wa Ayuda ndi Nazi boma la ulamuliro wa Hitler. Patapita zaka zingapo, mawu akuti wakhala atathana malinga ndi msonkhano mwalamulo kumene analenga United Nations. zochitika Kenako Ottoman, anazitcha chiwembuchi a ku Armenia mu 1915. Kwenikweni, kwapangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Ulaya ndi United Nations.

Mu 1995, kuphedwa a ku Armenia mu Ottoman yoona anamuzindikira latsopano la Russia. Lero, ndi maganizo ofanana ndi zogawana ndi ambiri limati US, pafupifupi m'mayiko onse a ku Ulaya ndi ku South America. Koma palinso m'mayiko kumakana chiwembuchi Chiameniya (1915). Zifukwa Mwachidule, ndi andale. Mu malo oyamba mu mndandanda m'mayiko amenewa ndi masiku ano Turkey ndi Azerbaijan.