Mfundo yaikulu ya chikhulupiliro chabwino mu malamulo a boma

Mfundo yokhala ndi chikumbumtima pa malamulo a boma inakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo kuyambira 01.02.2013. Tsiku lomwelo, kusintha kwa Civil Code kunayamba kugwira ntchito. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, chikumbumtima cha malamulo a boma ku Russia ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zofunika kwambiri pa khalidwe la maphunziro. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zikufotokozedwa m'ndime yoyamba 1, ndime 3, 4. Tiyeni tione momwe mfundo ya chikumbumtima ikugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma la Russia (mwachidule).

Nkhani

Mfundo yokhala ndi chikhulupiliro chabwino mu malamulo a boma ndizofunikira, malinga ndi zomwe sizingaloledwe kupeza phindu kuchokera ku khalidwe lako ngati ilo likuphwanya zofuna za mabungwe ena. Ndondomeko 10 zinasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono kumasinthidwe ovomerezedwa ndi Civil Code. Magazini yatsopanoyi ikufotokoza kwambiri malire a kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, zoletsedwazo zinaperekedwa kuti zisawonongeke zoyenera, zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika ndi malamulo. Makhalidwe atsopanowa akugwirizana ndi zomwe zili mu Gawo 1 la Code.

Kudziwika kwa malo

Poganizira mfundo za chikhulupiliro chabwino mu malamulo a boma mu zolemberana ndi zofunikira za kusavomerezeka kwa nkhanza za malamulo, ndikofunikira kuyankha mafunso angapo. Chosowachi chikugwirizana ndi kusamvetsetsana kwina mwa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo. Makamaka, mfundo ya chikhulupiliro chabwino m'malamulo a boma ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu Art. 1 ya Code. Izi zikukamba za "msinkhu" wa chizolowezi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kutchulidwa kwa ndime 1 ya Gawo 10 la Civil Code limasonyeza kulingana kwa mfundo za kusaloledwa kwa nkhanza ndi chikumbumtima. Pankhaniyi, m'pofunika kudziwa ngati lamulo loyamba likuphatikizidwa muchiwiri. Ngati yankho liri lothandiza, panthawi yotsatira ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti kufunika kosavomerezeka kwa nkhanza pambali ya chikhulupiliro cha malamulo a boma kumaphatikizidwapo. Mwachidule, lamulo loyamba lingakhale ngati kumbuyo kwachiwiri pa nkhaniyi. Ndifunikanso kudziwa ngati malo a luso. Lamulo lachinsinsi, loperekedwa kuchokera ku zofunikira za kusavomerezeka kwa nkhanza. Kuwonekera kwa nkhaniyi ndi chifukwa chakuti chikhalidwe cha Art. 10 adayambitsidwa asanakhale lamulo lachikhulupiliro cha malamulo a boma. Mchitidwe wamakhalidwe, womwe unayambika pakugwiritsira ntchito lamulo losavomerezeka, nthawi yomweyo anakhala maziko ogwiritsa ntchito zolemba za Art. 1 GK. Chotsatira, chiyenera kudziwika ngati maguluwa ali othandiza kwa mabungwe osiyanasiyana alamulo.

Kufotokozedwa

Chofunika cha kusavomerezeka kwa nkhanza ndi chikhulupiliro chabwino mulamulo la chikhalidwe chimapangitsa kuti chidziwitso chiwonongeke ndikuwonetseratu chitukuko cha kayendedwe ka malamulo onse a Civil Code. Amaonetsetsa kuti kulimbikitsana mgwirizanowu ndi maubwenzi awo. Ndipotu, amachita malamulo omwe ali mkati mwazogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi kusintha kwa malamulo a boma. Komanso, izi zimagwira ntchito yosungira malamulo, kuphunzitsa nkhani za chikhalidwe cha mgwirizano. Ndipo lamulo la kusavomerezeka kwa nkhanza, ndi chikhulupiliro chabwino mu malamulo a boma chimachokera ku khalidwe laling'ono. Zimasonyeza kulingana kwa onse omwe ali nawo pachibwenzi. Chitsanzochi chimasonyeza cholinga cha malamulo pa zofanana, chiwerengero, chilungamo pakagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro awo ndi maudindo awo. Ndi ichi, ndithudi, mfundo yololera ndi yodzipereka ndi yosasinthasintha. Mu lamulo lachikhalidwe, kulekana kwalamulo sikudziwonetsera mwaufulu, ufulu wa chifuniro ndi mgwirizano, zosagwirizana ndi katundu. Chimafotokozedwa makamaka pakugwirizana kwa khalidwe molingana ndi zofuna za maphunziro ofanana.

Mfundo zazikulu za chikhulupiliro cha malamulo a boma

Kuchokera ku mgwirizano kumabwera malo atatu. Izi zikuphatikizapo mfundo za chilungamo, luntha ndi chidziwitso. Chimodzi mwa iwo chimaphatikizapo zinthu zofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, moyenera, chilungamo ndi:

1. Kusakaniza chidwi ndi anthu onse.
2. Chibwezero chobwezeretsa chilamulo.
3. Chitetezo monga kuonetsetsa kubwezeretsedwa kwa zofuna zotsutsana.

Kutaya kumasonyeza:

1. Ufulu wa mgwirizano.
2. Kusokoneza katundu.
3. Kuloledwa kwa kusokonezedwa kosayenera muzoyera ndi zapagulu.
4. Kufunika kokhazikitsa zochitika zalamulo popanda zopinga.
5. Initiative ndi ufulu.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo yokhala ndi chikhulupiliro chabwino pa malamulo a boma kumakhazikitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kosinthika, kukhazikitsidwa, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu zalamulo, kugwira bwino ntchito, komanso kuletsa ubwino uliwonse wochokera kuzinthu zotsutsana. Choncho, ntchito yake yofunikira ndiyo kukhazikitsidwa kwa malire a kusowa.

Utsogoleri wotsatira malamulo

Mfundo yokhala ndi chikhulupiliro chabwino pa malamulo a boma ikugwira ntchito pansi pazifukwa zosadziwika. Mofananamo, chofunikira cha kusavomerezeka kwa nkhanza za mwayi. Panthawi imeneyi, malinga ndi olemba angapo, Art. GK 10 ili pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa chakuti dongosololi likuwathandiza kuthetsa kutsutsana kwa kayendetsedwe ka malamulo. Malinga ndi kumasulira kwake, olembawo amachokera ku magulu ofanana a filosofi, omwe ali nawo mfundo yololera ndi yodzipereka. Mu lamulo lachikhalidwe, kuchitira nkhanza, monga zochita zosayenera, ndi mawonekedwe a kukhazikitsidwa, kugwiritsa ntchito zikhalidwe. Ngakhale kuti khalidwe lawo liri kunja kwalamulo, koma mwachibadwa silingatheke, iwo saloledwa.

Kufalitsa zikhalidwe pa maudindo

Mfundo yokhala ndi chikhulupiliro chabwino m'mabuku amtundu wamakono samangogwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pa mwayi walamulo. M'nkhani za 1 ndi 10 za Civil Code pali lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito. Pachifukwa ichi, kukhulupirika kwa malamulo a boma kumaphwanyidwa ndi nkhaniyi kulephera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zoyenera. Zimaphatikizapo kusagwiritsira ntchito malamulo ake kuti iwononge ena omwe ali nawo muyeso. Ntchito imeneyi imalumikizana mwachindunji kwa wonyamula lamulo. Ndi cholinga choletsa zolinga za egoist za phunziroli.

Ndemanga

Kufuna kuchitidwa pazochita za munthu wina kumapangitsa kuti ntchito yeniyeni ikhale yofunikira. Iwo, ogwirizana mosiyana ndi ufulu wovomerezeka, amapanga mgwirizano wa chiyanjano. Mukutanthauzira kwa ntchito, pali chisonyezero chakuti ndiyeso ndi mtundu wa khalidwe loyenera. Chitsanzochi chimaperekedwa kwa munthuyo ndi mgwirizano kapena malamulo ovomerezeka. Pachifukwa ichi, mawu oti "mitundu" amatanthauza khalidwe labwino, khalidwe ndi maonekedwe, "kuyesa", kumatanthawuza malire ena omwe ayenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti wina achite nawo chiyanjano. Malire awa akhoza kukhala malo, nyengo, ndi zina zotero. Pachifukwa ichi, ngakhale mu chigawo chopapatiza kwambiri, nthawi zonse pali mwayi woti phunziro likhale lopatsidwa kwa iye mwanjira inayake, panthawi iliyonse, pena kapena pamalo omwewo. Mfundo yokhala ndi chikhulupiliro chabwino m'malamulo a boma imapereka chiyeso chochita zoyenera. Pazochita zawo, palinso mwayi wovomerezeka kuti azitsatira zofunikira. Ndi "micro-right" iyi yomwe ingakhoze kukhala njira yonyansa. Mwachidziwitso, sizingakhale zosiyana pa izi chifukwa cha nkhanza za chikhalidwe.

Kugwiritsira ntchito kovomerezeka

Pali mbali zambiri zomwe zimakhudza mfundo ya chikhulupiriro chabwino. Mu lamulo la boma la Russia njira zosiyanasiyana zotetezera zosowa zimaperekedwa. Amaperekedwa mu Article 12 ya Civil Code. Kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito chitetezo masiku ano kumatengedwa kuti ndi umodzi mwa anthu ambiri ndipo nthawi imodzi ndizo zovuta kwambiri. Ilo limatanthawuza ku gawo limene chikumbumtima chimagwira ntchito. Mulamulo la boma la Russia, nkhaniyi ikutha kupempha akuluakulu ovomerezeka. Kawirikawiri, wobwereketsa yemwe adayesa milanduyo amalandira chiwongoladzanja kuchokera kwa wobwereketsa. Wotsirizayo amafuna kuti achepetse kuchitapo kanthu kapena kuti athawire ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, posonyeza ndalama, wobwereketsa (wotsutsa) akutumiza chilolezo kuti adziwe mgwirizano, womwe adalandira ndi kuti wagwiritsira kale kale zinthuzo, zosayenera. Wopanda chilungamo payekha amavomereza kale zochitika pamsonkho, koma chifukwa chimodzi chodziwika chomwe sakufuna kuti apangepo. Nkhaniyo, motero, imafuna kupeza nthawi, yogwiritsira ntchito katundu wa anthu ena. Angayesere kukakamiza mnzake kuti agwirizanitse mgwirizanowo, kubwezera chilango m'malo mwa chinthu chotsutsana popanda kulipira chilango, ndi zina zotero.

Milandu yapadera

Nkhani zina zimagwiritsa ntchito molakwa ufulu wa chitetezo pogwiritsa ntchito ndemanga 10 ya Civil Code. Zopeka, mothandizidwa ndi lamulo ili, chilichonse chovomerezeka mwalamulo chingathetsedwe. Momwemo munthu wokondweretsedwa akhoza kufotokoza, kuti wonyamulira ufulu akuchoka kumbali ya malire okhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo. Mu mkhalidwe uno, padzakhala chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chapamwamba kwambiri. Komabe, ziyenera kuthandizidwa ndi ndondomeko za malamulo a boma zomwe siziloleza ulamuliro wokhudza nkhani zalamulo, makamaka - pogwiritsa ntchito luso. 1 Civil Code ya mfundo ya chikhulupiliro chabwino.

Zenizeni za zochita ndi kusagwirizana

Mfundo yokhala ndi chikumbumtima pa malamulo a boma imalepheretsa khalidwe lachikhalidwe kumbali zina. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, palibe kumvetsetsa bwino momwe njira yothetsera zochitika ndi zotsalira zimagwirira ntchito mosiyana. Makamaka, sizodziwika bwino ngati chotsatiracho ndi mtundu wa nkhanza kapena chikutanthauza chitsanzo china cha khalidwe labwino. Mu sayansi, kusagwirizana, monga lamulo, amalingaliridwa ngati njira yogwiritsira ntchito mwayi, ngati uli wokhazikika pamtundu wotere ndi pangano kapena miyambo. Mwachindunji mkati mwa chikhalidwe cha ubale woterewu, ngati pali zofunikira kuti:

1. Osati kulandira katundu.
2. Osapereka zinthu zakuthupi.
3. Zomwe sizingatheke pazochita zanu sizikugwirizana ndi kutumiza / kulandira katundu.

Mofananamo, kuthekera kwa kusagwirizana kukuwonekera ngati pali lamulo lalamulo:

1. Simulandira katundu.
2. Musapereke zinthu zakuthupi.
3. Musachite zinthu zomwe siziphatikizapo kupeza / kutumiza katundu.

Kuchokera pamwambapa, zikutsatila kuti kusagwirizana kumachitika muzinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi. Kukwanitsa kuzigwiritsa ntchito, komanso ntchito, zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi maphunziro mosayenera. Choncho, kusagwirizana mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana iyenera kukhala pansi pa mfundo ya chikhulupiriro choipa. Mu lamulo lachikhalidwe, nthawi zambiri limaphatikizidwa mu kapangidwe ka lingaliro la "zochita".

Zing'onozing'ono zopezeka mwalamulo

Art. Gawo 10 la Malamulo limalongosola malire a kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu. Lamulo limaletsera - zoyipa. Mosiyana ndi izi, mfundo ya chikumbumtima ndi "yovuta". Muzojambula. 10 amapereka chidziwitso chapadera cha nzeru zawo pamene akugwiritsa ntchito malamulo awo. Makamaka, chizoloŵezi sichilola zochita za nzika zomwe zimangokhala ndi cholinga chovulaza anthu ena, kupyolera mu malamulo omwe adakhazikitsidwa. Ndikoletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi woletsera mpikisano, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa maudindo akuluakulu pamsika. Apa ziyenera kuzindikirika zina zovuta zogwiritsira ntchito zoletsedwa. Zimaphatikizapo kuti choletsedwacho chimachokera ku malamulo oyambirira a boma. Komabe, pamodzi ndi izi, sizingafanane ndipafupi, koma monga maziko osiyana, omwe ndi ofunikira kuti awonedwe kuti asamatsutse njira yowonongeka pakati pa normative malo ndi maziko ake.

Nthawi Yofunika Kwambiri

Ndikofunika kumvetsera kuti mwachikhulupiliro chabwino palibe chisonyezero chofuna kuchita zinthu. Pankhaniyi, ilipo mu luso. 10. Mwachidziwitso, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa "choipa" kumatanthauza mtundu wina wa chitonzo cha munthuyo. Kuvulaza mwangozi pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo zalamulo kuyenera kuganiziridwa motsatira ndondomeko ya zolakwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito mwatsatanetsatane milandu ndi machitidwe ena oponderezedwa, anthu amaonedwa kuti ndi ofunika ndipo ayenera kutsimikiziridwa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, udindo wa phunziroli umabwera kokha pa zotsatira za zochita zomwe zinalipo mwa cholinga chake. Kwa zonse zomwe zawonjezeredwa ku zotsatira kuchokera kunja, sizingathe kulangidwa. Kulakwa kwa wolakwira panthaŵi yomweyo kumaperekedwa ngati cholinga chokhazikitsidwa, ndi njira zosankhidwa, koma, makamaka, mpaka kumapeto kwa zolinga zosadziwika. Iwo, malingaliro a omvera malamulo, amachita monga mbali yofunikira ya cholakwira ndipo amapanga gawo lovomerezeka. Wopondereza amadzichotsera yekha malingaliro omwe amavomereza malamulo omwe alipo, kuwaphimba, kusokoneza maganizo ake payekha. Motsogozedwa ndi zolinga zadyera, nkhaniyo imanyalanyaza kukakamizidwa kwa zikhalidwe.

Kuzindikira za chikhulupiriro choipa

Kuchita izi, kumatanthauza kutanthauzira khalidwe la munthu ngati zosayenera. Pakalipano, chilango choletsedwa chifukwa cha kusakhulupirika sikugwiritsidwe ntchito. Udindo umaphatikizapo chilango chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, izi zikhoza kulepheretsa ntchito ndi ufulu (ndime 157), kupereka katundu mu katundu (Nkhani 220 ndi 302), malipiro a zovulaza (Article 1103), kubweza ngongole (Article 303), kubwezeredwa ndi zina zotero. Zolankhulidwezo zimakhudzidwa ndi ntchito yofuna kapena yonyalanyaza ndi munthu mwalamulo lake.

Kutsiliza

Kukula kwa mfundo ya chikhulupiliro chabwino kungatsimikizidwe ndi njira yakulekerera. Makamaka, imayendetsa zinthu zomwe zimakhala zovutitsa, komanso zomwe zilibe. Kuonjezera apo, chikhulupiliro chabwino chimaphatikizapo nthawi zomwe zida za Art. 10 zomwe ali nazo sangathe kuthana ndi chochitikacho. Chitsanzo chimodzi, mwachitsanzo, chaperekedwa mu Gawo 6 la Malamulo. Limapereka kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za chikhulupiriro chabwino mu kufanana kwa zikhalidwe. Ndiponso zoperekedwa za Art. 1 ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imene Art. 10 yokha imakhala chida chozunza. Pachifukwa ichi, mfundo ya chikhulupiliro chabwino m'mikhalidwe yotereyi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo ogulitsa malamulo a boma.