Mgwirizano - n'kosavuta

Kwa amene simukudziwa zimene mgwirizano wa zamoyo, iyenera kumveketsedwa loti abwera kwa ife ku Latin ndipo limatanthauza "mgwirizano." Tikumbukenso kuti tanthauzo limeneli ntchito osati zamoyo, komanso mu zilankhulo, kutumiza mauthenga, ndipo ngakhale sayansi ndale. N'chifukwa chake tiyenera kumvera kuti mgwirizano - ndi chizindikiro cha kufanana zina zamoyo zimene yosiyana mu chilengedwe zomwe adanyamuka pa nkhani ya chisinthiko. Chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi, iwo ndi nambala inayake makhalidwe ofanana (mwachitsanzo, maonekedwe, kapangidwe matupi).

Anthu ambiri akudziwa kuti njira ya mgwirizano anatuluka Mwachitsanzo, streamlined nsombazi, anamgumiwa, zouluka nembanemba marsupials agologolo ndi agologolo chakuwuluka. Ngati ife kulankhula za mtundu zinachokera magulu a zamoyo, ndi allocated mgwirizano ndi divergence, komanso kufanana.

The irreversibility ya mchitidwe wa chisinthiko

Mu zamoyo aliyense chamoyo wadutsa magawo ena pa chitukuko, ndi inakwaniritsidwa mwamtheradi zigawo zonse structural. Ndipo ngati mgwirizano - ndi "kufanana", muyenera kuganizira kukulitsa ndi mfundo zina.

1. Divergence - onse kusiyana makhalidwe amene alipo mwa mitundu ina. Izi ndondomeko kwachilengedwenso zikubweretsa zikamera wa magulu atsopano ndi anthu. The divergence ndi yapadera kwambiri, wamkulu kusiyana amakhala mtundu, ndi chifukwa chakuti thupi limayamba Kusiyana osati maonekedwe komanso dongosolo mkati, pa chilengedwe ndi makhalidwe a danga la chisankho chimene. Ndipo m'dera lina likhoza kusankha amene angathe kupulumuka mu chilengedwe. Chifukwa chakuti chinsinsi mfundo kusanduka ndi kusankha zamoyo, kokha Zamphamvu kupulumuka mitundu ndi ofooka - kufa.

2. mgwirizano - ndi koposa zonse, chodabwitsa zosiyana divergence. Mu nkhani iyi, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana anayamba kufunafuna njira zofanana. Nthawi zambiri izi chifukwa malo omwewo, zikhalidwe zake zikuluzikulu ndi makhalidwe. Tikumbukenso kuti chodabwitsa cha mgwirizano ndi ambiri mu dziko nyama, kumene Mwachitsanzo, mbalame sangakhale popanda mapiko, nsomba ayenera kukhala mawonekedwe streamlined ndi zina zotero.

3. kufanana - anawamasulira a Chigiriki, lingaliro limeneli limatanthauza "Chotsatira". Zimenezi mu nkhani ya zamoyo wa magulu ofanana kuti ndi osiyana pafupi, koma kupeza kufanana pakati pa nthumwi izi modalirana. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse, zinthu izi zimene tinatengera kwa makolo. Popeza kuti mgwirizano - ndi kufanana kuti pang'onopang'ono akutulukira kuchokera chomwa ena, concurrency anatsimikiza mwachindunji ndi ndondomeko mbiri (makamaka, tikulankhula za phylogeny a).

N'chifukwa chiyani pali mgwirizano chodabwitsa

Mukamakambirana malingaliro zofunika pa nkhani ya kusanduka zanenedwa kuti mgwirizano - chodabwitsa kawirikawiri, ndilo chibadidwe oimira chachikulu cha dziko nyama. Mwamsanga divergence ndi kufanana ndi amapezeka chikhalidwe. Koma kufunika kwa mgwirizano sizingakanidwe, chifukwa zimayambitsa kufanana amenewa anatsimikiza ndi kukhalapo zimakhalira, komanso zina zizindikiro yomwe inabuka mu mchitidwe wa chisinthiko, wina kapena mtundu wina wa zamoyo kupulumuka ndi wamphamvu.

Choncho, chifukwa chachikulu ndi mgwirizano wa kufanana mwachindunji wa niches zachilengedwe ya anthu amenewo kapena nthumwi zina za dziko nyama. Ngati inuyo mumaona zitsanzo yotchuka kwambiri ya kufanana convergent, tingathe kumvetsa chifukwa chake mitundu ina ya oimira zamoyo ndi mawonekedwe iliyonse, maonekedwe, ndi zina zinthu moyo.