Hadron Collider: Yambani. The Large Hadron Collider chake? Pati?

History of accelerator, amene timadziwira ngati Large Hadron Collider akuyamba kwambiri kuyambira 2007. Poyamba izo zinayamba ndi dongosolo la accelerator wa cyclotron lapansi. chipangizo anali chipangizo yaing'ono kuti mosavuta kupsa pa tebulo. Kenako nkhani ya accelerators zachitika bwinobwino. Zikuoneka synchrotron ndi synchrotron.

Mu mbiri ya mwina kuganizira kwambiri zapakati pa 1956 zaka 1957. Panthawiyo, Soviet sayansi, makamaka sayansi, sanali kwanthawi kumbuyo abale yachilendo. Ntchito anasonkhanitsa zaka zambiri, ndi wasayansi Soviet dzina lake Vladimir Veksler anapanga yojambula mu sayansi. Iwo ali synchrotron amphamvu kwambiri pa nthawi lisanalengedwe. mphamvu pa ntchito 10 GeV (biliyoni 10 elekitironi volts). Pambuyo kupezeka walenga kale zitsanzo kwambiri accelerators: Large zinthu zosiyanasiyana za Positron Collider, ndi accelerator Swiss, Germany, United States. Onsewo ali chimodzi cholinga - kuphunzira particles chachikulu quarks.

The Large Hadron Collider analengedwa woyamba zikomo malo ku khama la sayansi Italy. Ndipo dzina lake linali Carlo Rubbia, Nobel Prize laureate. Pa ntchito zake Rubbia ntchito monga mkulu pa Organization European kwa Research nyukiliya. Anaganiza kumanga ndi kuthamanga LHC ndi pamalo pakati kafukufuku.

Kodi Hadron Collider?

Collider anaika pa m'malire Switzerland ndi France. Utali wa circumference ake ndi makilomita 27, ndipo amatchedwa lalikulu. accelerator mphete amabwerera mamita 50 175. Maginito 1232 wayikidwa collider. Iwo superconducting, kutanthauza munthu angathe munda pazipita kwa mathamangitsidwe, kuyambira ndalama mphamvu ya maginito amenewa ali pafupifupi kwina. Kulemera okwana lililonse maginito ndi matani 3.5 pa kutalika mamita 14,3.

Ngati chinthu chilichonse chooneka ndi maso, ndi Large Hadron Collider amapanga kutentha. Choncho, m'pofunika kuti nthawi zonse ozizira. Chifukwa chaichi, kutentha anakhalabe pa 1.7 K ntchito malita 12 miliyoni a asafe. Komanso, madzi helium (700,000 malita) ntchito yozizira, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - kuthamanga ntchito, zomwe ndi nthawi khumi poyerekeza kuthamanga yachibadwa mumlengalenga.

Kutentha 1.7 K centigrade ndi madigiri -271. kutentha ndiyo pafupifupi pafupi ziro mtheradi. Mtheradi ziro amatchedwa otsika zotheka malire, zomwe mwina muli kuthupi.

The gawo lamkati la mumphangayo si zochepa chidwi. Pali niobium-titaniyamu superconducting chingwe ndi zothekera. kutalika ndi makilomita 7600. Kulemera okwana ndi matani 1,200 zingwe. Mkati mwa pachingwecho - ndi plexus a mawaya 6300 ndi mtunda okwana makilomita 1.5 biliyoni. kutalika Izi ndi wofanana 10 mayunitsi zakuthambo. Mwachitsanzo, mtunda padziko lapansi dzuwa ndi 10 ngati mayunitsi.

Ngati ife kulankhula za malo Hrs, tinganene kuti collider mphete kugona pakati pa mizinda ya Saint-Genis ndi Forno Voltaire ili pa mbali French, komanso Marin ndi Vessurat - ndi mbali Swiss. Small mphete, wotchedwa PS, chimafikira pamodzi malire a awiri a.

The raison d'être

Kuti tiyankhe funso "Kodi LHC", inu ayenera kupita kwa sayansi. Asayansi ambiri amanena kuti ndi kuyambitsa kwambiri pa nthawi yonse ya kukhalapo kwa sayansi, ndi kuti sayansi popanda izo, zomwe kudziwika kwa ife masiku ano, kodi osati nzeru. Kuli ndi Launch wa Large Hadron Collider ndi chidwi chakuti kugunda kwa particles mu LHC ndi kuphulika. particles zonse zabwino mphepo madera osiyana. Kupanga particles watsopano amene akhoza kufotokoza kuli ndi tanthauzo la ambiri.

Chinthu choyamba chimene asayansi anayesa kupeza particles izi inaonongeka - izo theoretically yotsutsana ndi wasayansi Peter Higgs pulayimale tinthu amatchedwa "Higgs boson". Izi tinthu zidzasintha ndi chonyamulira cha mudziwe, amaonedwa. Koma iwo akutchedwa "tinthu Mulungu". Inayambira izo zimupangitsa asayansi sangamvetse chilengedwe. Tikumbukenso kuti mu 2012, 4 July, Hadron Collider (ayambe izo pang'ono anakwanitsa) kuthandiza kupeza tinthu ofanana. Pakali pano, asayansi akuyesetsa kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane.

Zitenga nthawi yayitali bwanji ...

Kumene, funso yomweyo likutuluka, chifukwa chiyani asayansi yaitali kuphunzira particles izi. Ngati muli ndi chipangizo, mukhoza kuthamanga, ndipo nthawi iliyonse kuwombera deta kwambiri. Popeza kuti ntchito ya LHC - izo ndi zosangalatsa mtengo. Launch wina ndalama ndalama zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kumwa mphamvu pachaka wofanana 800 miliyoni. KW / h. ndalamazo mphamvu ankadya mzinda ndi anthu pafupifupi 100 zikwi. Man, pa mfundo pafupifupi. Izi sakhala ndi ndalama yokonza. Chifukwa china - ndi kuphulika LHC kuti kumachitika pamene pitting ndi mapulotoni womangidwa kutulutsa buku lalikulu deta: kudziwitsa kompyuta angathe kuwaŵerenga kuti processing amatenga nthawi yambiri. Ngakhale ngakhale kuti mphamvu ya makompyuta kuti kudziŵa, ngakhale zazikulu ndi mfundo lero.

Chifukwa china - si zochepa wotchuka nkhani mdima. Asayansi ntchito ndi collider umenewu, dziwani kuti kuonekera osiyanasiyana chilengedwe ndi 4%. Amaganiza kuti enawo - kuli mdima kanthu ndi mphamvu mdima. Experimentally kuyesa kuonetsa kuti mfundo imeneyi ndi yolondola.

Hadron Collider: kapena otsutsa

Ikani patsogolo chiphunzitso cha nkhani mdima anakayikira chitetezo cha kukhalapo kwa LHC. funso linauka: "Hadron Collider: kapena otsutsa?" Iye nkhawa asayansi ambiri. maganizo onse aakulu a dziko m'magulu awiri. "Otsutsa" kuti kutsogoloku chiphunzitso chidwi kuti nkhani woterewu, ndiye izo ziyenera kukhala tinthu ake zosiyana. Ndi kugunda kwa tinthu accelerator pamaoneka mdima gawo. Panali chiopsezo kuti dera lake lamdima ndi gawo limene ife kuona nkhope. Ndiye zingachititse kuti imfa ya chilengedwe chonse. Komabe, itatha yoyamba chiyambi LHC chiphunzitso ichi chakhala mwina wogamphuka.

Womutsatira kufunika akubwera inaphulika wa chilengedwe chonse, kapena m'malo - kubadwa. Akukhulupirira kuti kugunda zingaoneke mmene chilengedwe zinthu mu masekondi woyamba aliko. momwe iye anayang'ana pambuyo chiyambi cha Big Bang. Akukhulupirira kuti tinthu kugunda ndondomeko ndi ofanana kwambiri amene anali pa chiyambi cha kubadwa wa chilengedwe chonse.

Osachepera mfundo ina lowoneka chimene asayansi kufufuzidwa - ndi zitsanzo zosowa. Zikuoneka zosaneneka, koma pali chiphunzitso zomwe zikusonyeza kuti pali mbali zina ndi universes ngati ife anthu. Ndipo oddly mokwanira, accelerator ndipo amatha kuthandiza.

Mwachidule, cholinga chakupezeka wa accelerator ndi kumvetsa zimene thambo, momwe iwo unalengedwa, kutsimikizira kapena kutsutsa chiphunzitso chilichonse analipo a particles ndi zochitika ofanana. Kumene, panadutsa zaka, koma ndi aliyense chiyambi, kutulukira zinthu zatsopano kuti abweretsa dziko la sayansi.

Zowona zenizeni zokhudza accelerator ndi

Aliyense akudziwa kuti accelerator Iyamba particles mpaka 99% kuwala kumayendera, koma anthu ambiri sadziwa kuti anthu ndi wofanana 99,9999991% ya kuwala kumayendera. Izi chithunzi chodabwitsa n'zomveka chifukwa cha kamangidwe wangwiro ndi maginito amphamvu imathandizira. Tiyenera kuona zina mwa mfundo zochepa kudziwika.

Manambala opangidwa mu kugunda kwa particles pa mathamangitsidwe

Chiwerengero cha mapulotoni mu gulu	100 Bln. (1011)
chiwerengero cha Magulu	kuti 2.808
chiwerengero cha kudutsa purotoni mitanda mu zone chowunikira	mpaka miliyoni 31. mabacteria chachiwiri 4
Chiwerengero cha mwansanga tinthu pa mphambano ya	20
Volume pa deta kugunda	za 1.5 MB
Zedi a particles Higgs	1 inamuluma masekondi 2.5 (pa mwamphamvu zonse za mtengo ndi malinga ndi mfundo zina za katundu wa particles Higgs)

Pafupifupi 100 miliyoni Mitsinje. Deta kuti kubwera kwa aliyense wa zoyesera waukulu awiri mu nkhani masekondi kumaliza oposa 100,000 CD. Mu mwezi umodzi basi chiwerengero cha zimbale afika msinkhu ngati kuti pamene anagona mu mulu, izo zingakhale zokwanira mwezi. Choncho anaganiza kusonkhanitsa deta onse otuluka zoyesera, koma okhawo amene amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo kusonkhanitsa deta imene Ndipotu amachita monga fyuluta deta. Anaganiza kulemba zochitika 100 zokha zomwe zinachitika pa nthawi kuphulika lapansi. Nkhani zimenezi zidzakhala kwa Archive pakati deta ya dongosolo LHC, yomwe ili ku Laboratory European kwa tinthu Physics, yemwenso ndi malo a udindo accelerator. Ulembedwa zochitika zimene zinalembedwa ndi anthu amene akuimira asayansi chidwi kwambiri.

aftertreatment

Pambuyo Polemba kilobytes zana deta kukonzedwa. Chifukwa chaichi, makompyuta oposa miliyoni imapezeka CERN. Cholinga makompyuta awa ndi processing deta zosaphika ndi mapangidwe likulu lawo, zomwe akhala akugwira kwa kusanthula zina. Komanso kwaiye deta mtsinje udzayamba kulamulira kompyuta maukonde gululi. Izi maukonde Intaneti zikugwirizana zikwi makompyuta kuti zili mabungwe osiyana kuzungulira dziko, chimamanga oposa zana matawuni akuluakulu, zomwe zili m'maiko atatu. mfundo zonsezi chikugwirizana ndi CERN ntchito ulusi kuwala - pa mlingo pazipita deta.

Ponena za mfundo, m'pofunika kutchula komanso za kapangidwe ka zizindikiro thupi. Ngalande accelerator ndi kupatuka pa 1.4% pa ndege yopingasa. Ichi chidachitika mu malo oyamba kuika ambiri accelerator mumphangayo pathanthwe monolithic. Choncho akuya masungidwe andalama pa zomenyanazo zosiyana. Ngati tingayerekezere ndi nyanjayi, limene lili pafupi Geneva, kuya ndi mamita 50. Mbali zosiyana ali akuya mamita 175.

Chinthu chidwi ndi mbali mwezi bwanji accelerator. Zingaoneke ngati chinthu kutali akhoza kuchita chapatali. Koma ananena kuti pa mwezi wathunthu, pamene pali funde la dziko m'dera Geneva, kukwera ndi mochuluka momwe 25 masentimita. Izi zimakhudza kutalika collider lapansi. Utali potero incremented ndi 1 millimeter, ndi mtengo mphamvu limasintha mwa 0,02%. Popeza mphamvu ya kulamulira mtengo chiyenela kuchitika mpaka 0,002% ofufuza ayenera kuganizira zodabwitsazi.

Komanso chidwi n'chakuti collider mumphangayo ali mawonekedwe a octagon osati bwalo, monga ambiriwo. Kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino anapanga mbali yochepa. Iwo anakonza zoyesera atathana ndi dongosolo kuti wamaliza mofulumira tinthu mtengo.

kapangidwe

Hadron Collider, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa amene amagwirizana ndi ambiri mwa mfundo ndi chisangalalo asayansi - chipangizo zodabwitsa. accelerator zonse imakhala mphete ziwiri. Small mphete otchedwa purotoni synchrotron kapena kugwiritsa ntchito achidule - PS. Large mphete - Super purotoni Synchrotron, kapena SPS. Pamodzi mphete ziwiri kulola kumwazikana gawo kuti 99,9% kuwala kumayendera. Choncho collider ukuwonjezeka ndi mphamvu ya mapulotoni, kuchuluka mphamvu zawo maulendo 16. Njirayi imaperekanso particles adzawombana ndi mzake pafupifupi 30 Mill. Time / s. kwa maola 10. 4 zoyesera lalikulu analandira ambiri terabytes 100 deta digito pa mphindi. Kulandira deta chifukwa zinthu payekha. Mwachitsanzo, iwo akhoza kudziwa particles pulayimale, amene oipa magetsi mtengo, ndipo ndi theka sapota. Popeza particles izi ndi wosakhazikika, ndiye kutsogolera kudziwika awo chosatheka ndi zotheka kudziwa mphamvu zawo zokha kuti panamveka pa ngodya ena kwa olamulira mtengo. Sitepe amatchedwa woyamba choyambitsa mlingo. Sitepe kenako makadi oposa 100 wapadera deta, amene Integrated mu kukhazikitsa nzeru. Mbali imeneyi amakhala kuti pa chiphaso deta ndi kusankha deta midadada oposa 100 tysyach wachiwiri limodzi. Kenako deta awa ntchito kusanthula zomwe zimachitika ntchito limagwirira apamwamba mlingo.

Lotsatira mlingo KA, Tikawonetsetsa kulandira mfundo zonse otaya chowunikira. Mapulogalamu chowunikira ukugwira ntchito maukonde. Apo izo ntchito ambiri makompyuta pokonza wotsatira deta midadada, nthawi pafupifupi pakati pa zidutswa za - microseconds 10. Mapulogalamu ayenera kulenga chizindikiro cha particles, logwirizana ndi mfundo choyambirira. Chifukwa ndi akonzedwa deta anapanga ongokhala patsogolo, mphamvu, ndi njira zina zimene zinachitika pa mwambowu.

mbali accelerator

accelerator onse akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu 5 chachikulu:

1) zinthu zosiyanasiyana za positron accelerator collider. gawo ili pafupi 7 tysyach maginito ndi katundu superconducting. Ndi iwo kumachitika mwa malangizo annular a m'ngalande mtengo. Ndiponso akulimbikira mtanda mu otaya amene m'lifupi amachepetsa kuti m'lifupi tsitsi limodzi.

2) Yaying'ono muon solenoid. chowunikira lakonzedwa kuti cholinga ambiri. Chonchi chowunikira akufunafuna zochitika latsopano ndi Mwachitsanzo, kufunafuna Higgs tinthu.

3) chowunikira LHCb. Tanthauzo la chipangizo ichi ndi kufufuza quarks ndi particles potsutsa iwo - antiquarks.

4) toroidal unsembe Buku la mapu. chowunikira lakonzedwa kuti fixation wa muons lapansi.

5) Alice. chowunikira Izi analanda colliding ayoni mkala, ndi pulotoni-purotoni mwansanga.

Mavuto kuyambira LHC

Ngakhale kuti pamaso pa luso mkulu kumatha kuthekera zolakwika kuchita chirichonse chiri chosiyana. Pa kuchedwa ndi, komanso kulephera nthawi ya msonkhano accelerator. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti zimenezi zosayembekezereka sanali. chipangizo lili zina zabwino zambiri ndipo amafuna mwandondomeko yotereyi kuti asayansi kuyembekezera zotsatira zofanana. Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa mavuto amene anakumana ndi asayansi pa Launch - kukana kwa maginito, amene lolunjika matabwa a mapulotoni asanalankhule kugunda kwa. ngozi lofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa phiri chifukwa imfa ya superconducting maginito.

vuto chimenechi chinayamba mu 2007. Chifukwa cha izo, za kukhazikitsidwa kwa collider ndi kulephereka kangapo, ndipo mu June Launch zinachitika pafupifupi chaka Collider koma anayamba.

The Launch lotsiriza la collider yayenda bwino, ukumana terabytes ambiri deta.

Hadron Collider, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa umene unachitika pa April 5, 2015, bwinobwino ukugwira ntchito. Mwezi matabwa adzathamangitsa padziko mphete, pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezeka mphamvu. Zolinga za phunziroli chotero, palibe. mphamvu kugunda matabwa udzakhala wautali. Mtengo wa m'mwamba kuchokera 7 mpaka 13 TEV TEV. Umenewu adzalola kuwona mwayi mu kugunda kwa particles.

Mu 2013 ndi 2014. anali chiphasochi kwambiri luso ngalandezi accelerators, zoyesera ndi zipangizo zina. Zotsatira zake zinali 18 maginito ochititsa kuti ali superconducting ntchito. Tikumbukenso kuti chiwerengero cha iwo ndi 1232 zidutswa. Komabe, maginito otsala kuti zinaonedwa. Tingatenthe m'malo dongosolo la chitetezo yozizira pansi, kuika bwino. Komanso bwino dongosolo yozizira ya maginito. Zimenezi zimawathandiza kukhala pa otsika kutentha, ndi pazipita mphamvu.

Ngati zonse zimapita bwino, Launch wotsatira wa accelerator adzatenga malo okha patapita zaka zitatu. Panthawi imeneyi ndi ndandanda ntchito makonzedwe kusintha, kuona luso collider lapansi.

Tikumbukenso kuti kukonza ndalama khobidi, popanda kuganizira mtengo. Hadron Collider monga 2010 ali wofanana ndi 7.5 bln. Yuro. chiwerengerochi amasonyeza ntchito lonse mu malo oyamba mu mndandanda wa ntchito mtengo kwambiri mu mbiri ya sayansi.

yaposachedwapa

Hadron Collider, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kumene kunachitika pambuyo yopuma, anali bwino. deta chidwi anasonkhana. Mwachitsanzo, umboni inali kuperekedwa kuti ganizo la makono a particles zolondola. Ichi chidapangidwa zikomo zotheka kuti ntchito kabwino ka CMS ndi LHCb zoyesera. Izi zoyesera kuwola BS amakodwa ndi awiri meson, ndiwo umboni Direct sanakhulupirike ziphunzitso zamasiku ano.

M'pofunikanso akufunsa funso, kodi umboni wa mfundo imeneyi. Njira imodzi - ichi ndi adani a particles latsopano. Ndiko kuti, ngati kugunda adzakhala particles latsopano pulayimale, kutanthauza kuti chiphunzitso ano ayenera ndemangayi.

Asayansi ukukhudza tinthu chifukwa tingasonyeze, kapena kutsegula chitseko kuti malangizo a supersymmetry. Ichi ndi chiyambi chabwino liwunikidwenso ndi ntchito Center kwa Scientific Research ku Geneva.

Kodi yotsatira?

Pambuyo zichitike wamakono wotsatira wa collider adzakhala tasked ndi liwunikidwenso wa particles. Makamaka, izo zidzakhala zofunikira kudziwa zambiri za Higgs boson. Ngakhale kuti kupezeka anali kupereka ya Nobel Prize, osati onse katundu kuzimvetsa bwinobwino ndi kutsimikiziridwa. Choncho, asayansi ndi yaitali ndi zovuta ntchito pa kuphunzira particles lodabwitsali.

Komanso, ayenera kupitiriza kugwira ntchito kutsimikizira kapena kutsutsa chiphunzitso cha supersymmetry. Ngakhale zikuoneka pang'ono wosangalatsa, koma ali ndi ufulu kulibe. Musaganize kuti chidwi onse kwapatsidwa kokha nkhani woyamba wa kufunika kwa ntchito yomanga ali timu yake asayansi ogwira ntchito imeneyi.

Ndithudi, izi si ntchito zonse zimene ayenera analankhula kwa asayansi. Ndi aliyense terabyte watsopano mudziwe analandira mndandanda wa mafunso kosalekeza wodzilemekeza, ndi mayankho awo akhoza anayang'ana kwa zaka zambiri.