Mitundu ya kalendala: wakale, masiku ano wapadera

Calendar amangoti dzina dongosolo, amene n'zotheka kusiyanitsa otaya nthawi fupipafupi, amene amathandiza kuti streamline moyo wawo. Zinali ambiri, ndipo mfundo osiyana mu mbiri ya kalendala anthu. M'nkhani ino tikambirana mitundu ikuluikulu ya kalendala komanso nkhani za mtundu wa mawonekedwe akhoza kutenga yatsopano dongosolo nthawi pakuyenerera.

Chiyambi cha mawu akuti "kalenda"

Akuyendera kwa kufotokoza mitundu mwachindunji chitetezo nambala kuti apeze komwe mawu abwera, olemba awo. Mawu akuti "kalendala" etymologically amachokera ku Latin mneni caleo, amene anamasuliridwa kuti "amalengeza." njira ina imene anadzakhala gwero la mawu akuti "kalendala", calendarium izi. Munthu womaliza Rome unali buku ngongole. Caleo amatisunga ife kukumbukira kuti pa Rome koyambirira kwa mwezi m'njira yapadera mwakachetechete analalikira. Koma ngongole m'buku lakuti, phindu lake chifukwa chakuti chidwi pa ngongole ndi ngongole Rome analipira pa tsiku loyamba.

Magwero a dongosolo kalendala

Pafupi nthawi imeneyo wasefukira osiyanasiyana makamaka, anthu anazindikira nthawi yaitali pamaziko a zochitika cyclically chosatha ndi zochitika, ndilo ndithu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, tsiku ndi usiku, ndi nyengo, ndi kasinthasintha wa zakuthambo zimangokhala malo, ndi zina zotero. Pamaziko a kenako kusanduka wosiyanasiyana wa kalendala. Unit zoyambirira za nthawi ina iliyonse iwo - tsiku, monga mmodzi wa kasinthasintha Earth padziko olamulira yake. Ndiye kufunika anachita mbiri ya mwezi, magawo kusintha imene imagwiritsidwa otchedwa synodic mwezi. Iye ndiye anali ngati Greek mawu "sinodos" imene likumasuliridwa kuti "mgwirizano". Tikuyankhula zokhudza mgwirizano mu dzuwa ndi mwezi kumwamba. Ndipo potsiriza, kusintha kwa nyengo zinayi chaka otentha. Dzinali amachokera ku Greek "Tropos" mwachitsanzo, "kutembenukira".

Chifukwa chosiyana anthu okhala padziko lapansi, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kalendala? Yankho lake lagona pa mfundo yakuti nthawi ya zimene zimachitika tsiku ndi tsiku, mwezi synodic, ndipo palibe malumikizanidwe pakati pa chaka otentha umene opambana chisankho lonse pamene kaundula kalendara.

mitundu itatu ya kalendala

Pamaziko a makhalidwe ofotokozedwa nthawi zoyesayesa osiyana zinapangidwa kuti kalendala woyenera anthu. Ena mwa iwo ankatsogoleredwa yekha ndi m'zinthu mwezi. Motero, mwezi kalendala. Monga ulamuliro, iwo owerengedwa miyezi khumi n'kumaona yekha pa kayendedwe ka magetsi usiku, ndipo musati zizigwirizana ndi nyengo. Ena M'malo mwake anapezazo anapanga kokha pamaziko a bwalo nyengo, kaya mwezi ndi mungoli ake. Njira imeneyi wafunsira kalendala ya dzuwa. Enanso n'komwe m'zinthu zonse - dzuwa ndi mwezi. Ndipo, kumanga otsiriza, kuyesera njira ina kugwirizanitsa awiri pamodzi. Iwo limene lachititsa losakanizika kalendala ya dzuwa-mwezi.

mu kalendala

Ife tsopano tikambirane zina zabwino za dongosolo la mawerengedwe a nthawi chokhazikika pa zoyenda mwezi. mu kalendala, monga zanenedwa, zachokera mwezi synodic - mkombero amasinthira mbali ya mwezi kuchokera mwezi kwa mwezi wathunthu. Kutalika avareji mwezi ndi masiku 29,53. Choncho, ambiri a kalendala yoyendera mwezi mwezi kumatenga 29 kapena 30 masiku. Mu chaka chino makamaka tichipeza miyezi khumi. Choncho zikuoneka kuti kutalika kwa chaka za 354,36 masiku. Monga ulamuliro, adzakhululukidwa adzakhale mpaka 354, pamene nthawi kuyambitsa chaka adzatumpha masiku 355. Iwo amachita izo zonse mosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, wotchuka Turkey zino, kumene kwa zaka eyiti chifukwa cha zaka zitatu adzatumpha. Njira ina, ndi chiŵerengero cha 30/11, akupereka dongosolo Arabic, womwe wapangidwa pa maziko a kalendala miyambo Muslim.

Popeza kalendala mwezi sali olumikizidwa ndi kayendedwe ka dzuwa, iwo pang'onopang'ono mogwirizana kwa iwo chifukwa kusiyana masiku woposera khumi pa chaka chimodzi. Choncho, vuto la kalendala ya dzuwa mu zaka 34 Chofanana zaka 35 mwezi. Ngakhale inaccuracy amenewa, dongosolo lino likukwaniritsa anthu ambiri, makamaka magawo oyambirira a chitukuko, pamene iwo anali ndi khalidwe la moyo wosamukasamuka. Moon mosavuta ndikuoneka mu mlengalenga, ndi kalendara sikutanthauza kuwerengetsera zambiri zovuta. Koma pakapita nthawi, pamene ntchito ya ulimi ndi mphamvu zake anali osakwanira - panapita miyezi zambiri za msomali zovuta nyengo ndi osiyanasiyana ntchito ulimi. Izi lakusonkhezerani chitukuko cha kalendala ya dzuwa.

The sangathe wa mu kalendala

Kupatula chakuti kalendala zachokera kwathunthu kuzungulira mwezi kwambiri diverges ndi chaka zotentha, ali drawback china chochititsa chidwi. Amakhala chakuti chifukwa cha zovuta kwambiri kanjira Kutalika kwa mwezi synodic zikusintha. Kusiyana Pankhaniyi kungakhale kwa maola asanu. Izo ziyenera kuti poyambira la mwezi watsopano mu mu kalendala si mwezi, yomwe trudnonablyudaemo, ndi otchedwa neomeniya - maonekedwe loyamba la mwezi madzulo. mwambo umenewu motere mwezi atapita masiku 2 kapena 3. Pa neomenii yemweyo nthawi zimatengera pa nyengo, nthawi ya mwezi panopa ndi malo akuona a. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kalendala kuchita masamu mu malo amodzi, kudzakhala kwathunthu zolakwika kudera lina. Pa lonse, palibe dongosolo zachokera m'zinthu mwezi, sangathe molondola kusonyeza kayendedwe weniweni wa magetsi usiku.

kalendala ya dzuwa

Calendar History sangakhale kwathunthu popanda kutchulidwa kwa kuzungulira dzuwa. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti lero ndi mawonekedwe yaikulu ya masovedwe nthawi. Bukuli lili chaka zotentha, wopangidwa mwa masiku 365,24. Kuti kuwerengetsera zolondola kwambiri, nthawi anayambitsa zaka adzatumpha, amene kusonkhanitsa anasonkhanitsa 'zochuluka' mu "owonjezera" tsiku limodzi. Pali zosiyanasiyana dongosolo visokosov, kudziŵitsa zosiyanasiyana kalendala zochokera kayendedwe ka dzuwa. Mfundo poyambira ali kale ankaona tsiku la March vernal. Motero, chimodzi mwa zofunika za kalendala ya dzuwa ndi chaka chochitika anali pa tsiku lomwelo.

Dongosolo loyamba anali visokosov Julian kalendala. mfundo yake ofooka chinali chifukwa chakuti kwa zaka 128, iye anakhala ndi tsiku owonjezera, ndi ankatembenukira ndi March, motero, kumbuyo. inaccuracy izi anayesetsa kukonza zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Omar Khayyam anapereka wapadera 33 chaka adzizungulira, amene anali pamenepo maziko a kalendala Persian. Kenako, pa njira imene Papa Gregory anayambitsa kalendala ya Gregory, imene waukulu yapachiweniweni kalendala masiku ano anthu ambiri. Amagwiritsidwanso pang'onopang'ono kupeza tsiku owonjezera, koma nthawi ili anawonjezera kuti zaka 128 kwa 3300.

kuyesa wina kusintha dongosolo Julian anapangidwa Milutin Milankovitch. Iye anayamba otchedwa Revised Julian Calendar, lomwe ndi kulakwitsa mu tsiku kale wabweza zaka 50 000. Izi zachitika ndi ulamuliro wapadera poyerekezera ndi zaka aboma (iwo tinganene kuti tumphatumpha chaka pokhapokha ngati gulu ndi 900 mu yotsala pamaoneka 2 kapena 6). The sangathe wa Gregory ndi Revised Julian Calendar pamene molondola n'chakuti tsiku la March pokhala akuyandama, ndipo tili ndi chaka pa masiku osiyana.

mwezi Calendar

Potsiriza, kukhudza dzuwa-kalendala yoyendera mwezi. Kwenikweni chake ndi kubweretsa palimodzi mu dongosolo lina la kayendedwe ka dzuwa kuchokera mwezi kuyenda. Pakuti ichi kunali koyenera kuti nthawi adzikonzenso chaka ndi mwezi umodzi. Iye anaitana chaka chino embolismicheskim. Mu Greece wakale, Babulo, ndi miyezi itatu zina anali kutumikiridwa kwa zaka eyiti. cholakwa chake ndi masiku imodzi ndi theka pa nthawi yonse zaka zisanu ndi zitatu. mkombero yaitali, monga momwe mbiri ya kalendala anati, anavomerezedwa mu China, ngakhale kuti ankadziwa ndi ku Babulo, ndi Greece. cholakwa chake ndi tsiku limodzi kwa zaka 219.

kalendala mitundu

Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane zimene yofanana kalendala lerolino. Ndi za kamangidwe, osati za zinthu zakuthambo. Choncho, ambiri mu ankafuna lero, tabletop, khoma ndi kalendala mthumba ndi misozi.

kalendala kapangidwe

dzina lina la mtundu wa buku tipografnogo - "nyumba". Ngakhale ena embodiments mwina ndi kumanga osiyana ndi kuphatikizapo kumbali ya pulasitiki. Zimenezi ndi yofunika ndi kuthandiza mapensulo ndi madipatimenti a chakudya cha. Mfundo yofunika ndi kalendala desiki inamangidwa moti miyezi tebulo inali pa masamba osiyana kuti ayenera yake titembenuzire. Pamodzi ndi kalendala kwa iwo conveniently kwambiri inali zosiyanasiyana zambiri, kapena kungoti zithunzi zokongola m'gulu chipinda Pulani yonse. Ikani mankhwala zimenezi nthawi m'maofesi ndipo zinamangidwa mu ngodya ya kompyuta. Tebulo kalendala ndi zambiri akutumikira monga mphatso kapena kachikumbutso.

Wall kalendala

Ambiri ku khitchini pali kalendala zaikidwa pakhoma, khomo firiji kapena chitseko. kalendala Wall ali otchuka kwambiri chifukwa ndi nthawi yabwino kwa ntchito, ndi phindu zokongoletsa mu nthawi athu iwo ulemerero chabwino kunyumba. Nthawi zina pamodzi ndi luso "nyumba". Pankhaniyi, khoma kalendala, monga ulamuliro, Albums awa ali odzipereka ndi mutu womwe. Ntchito A zoona, nthawi mawerengedwe masamba iwo mmphepete mwa njira.

Pocket kalendala

mtundu uwu mwina ofala kwambiri masiku ano. Pocket kalendala ndi makadi yaing'ono, mbali imodzi ya zimene zoona, kalendala mbale, ndi pa zina - ena zojambula. Nthawi zambiri, mankhwala amenewa kutumikira monga bookmarks, ntchito makadi. Nthawi zambiri ntchito zolinga malonda. Pocket kalendala - mtundu wa makadi amene amachitira ntchito zina. Mosavuta anaika chikwama wanu ndi kusunga ndi iwo, kutenga akamavutika.

kugwetsera wolemera kalendala

Soviet kuichotsa wolemera kalendala bwino kwa aliyense. Kamodzi amapezeka pafupifupi kunyumba, koma tsopano kutchuka kwawo wagwa penapake, komabe sizachilendo. mankhwala amenewa akuimira bukhu lenileni, aliyense tsamba ndi allocated tsiku lina kwa chaka. Pamene tsiku latsopano, m'mbuyomo tsamba kutali. Choncho, umatchedwa chikoka. Kumbali n'zosiyana pa tsamba lili malemba. Monga ulamuliro, aliyense wa kalendala awa ndi wodzipereka kwa mutu ndi waipereka mwa gwero mwachilungamo nkhani.

kalendala mpingo

A mawu ochepa ayeneranso ananena kuti kalendala mpingo, monga ambiri kubwera ku tchalitchi kapena mpingo kuwerenga mabuku, anakumana ndi dongosolo wapawiri chibwenzi. Ndipotu, pansi pa kalendala Orthodox amatanthauza wamba Julian kalendala. Monga zaka zikwi ziwiri chakhala kusunga ndi zenizeni nthawi zakuthambo patsogolo pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Mpingo wa Katolika uphungu, chifukwa mu maonekedwe a kalendala ya Gregory. Koma Orthodox cha kusintha anali osavomerezeka. Orthodox Church Russian, ndi ochepa m'madera palokha Mwachitsanzo, akadali kutsatira Julian limafotokozera. Koma ambiri a mipingo Orthodox mu dziko anali kupita pa Revised Julian Calendar, amene tsopano chikugwirizana ndi Gregory.

Mpingo kalendala Choncho, mitundu itatu. M'mayiko ena Komanso, kalendala ya mtundu wawo ntchito mu mipingo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Egypt Chikoputiki limafotokozera anagawira dongosolo. Iwo ndi kalendala awo ndi zipembedzo zina. Mumadziwika, mwachitsanzo, Vedic, M'buda, Chisilamu, Baha'i ndi mabungwe ena a dongosolo nthawi.

Mayan Calendar

Pomaliza, mawu ochepa zimene kalendala wakale Mayan. Ndipotu, si koma wonse dongosolo losiyana la limafotokozera. Civil Chaka chino pa Mayan anali dzuwa ndipo inkakhala masiku 365. cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kuti bungwe ulimiwu. Panalinso kalendala mwambo, wotchedwa Tzolkin. Iwo likumasuliridwa kuti "n'kulemba masiku". Iye penapake zachilendo mu dongosolo lake. Mwachitsanzo, kalendala chaka Tzolkin liribe 365 ndi 260 masiku. Yotsirizira anagawidwa m'zinthu awiri - twente ndi trinadtsatidnevny. Masiku oyamba dzina ake, ndi wachiwiri uli ndi ochepa siriyo. Mayan nthawi ochuluka dongosolo m'gulu ndi nthawi monga nsomba (360 masiku), katuns (20 tuns) baktuns (20 katuns). Unali nyengo wamkulu mu 260 katuns. Kumbali ya dongosolo ochuluka bwino kwa ife ndi zaka 5125. December 21, 2012 zinachititsa nyengo ina yotero, wotchedwa dzuwa chachisanu, nayamba nyengo yatsopano ya chisanu.