Global evolutionism ngati mawonedwe zikuluzikulu za sayansi yamakono zachilengedwe

Global evolutionism, ndipo masiku ano chithunzi sayansi yadziko - nkhani yomwe ali odzipereka ndi ntchito zake, akatswiri ambiri. Masiku ano kwayamba kutchuka kwambiri chifukwa mkati mwake amaonedwa zofunika kwambiri za sayansi.

padziko lonse (konsekonse) mfundo kusanduka zikusonyeza kuti dongosolo la dziko wakhala zonse bwino. World izo amaonedwa monga gulu, chimene amatilola kulankhula za umodzi wa malamulo onse a moyo ndi chilengedwe kumakupatsani mwayi "kuja" munthu, kuti correlate ndi iye. Concept wa evolutionism lonse, mbiri yake, mfundo ndi mfundo m'nkhani ino.

prehistory

Lingaliro la dziko ndi mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri chitukuko European. Wosiyanasiyana losavuta (Kant cosmogony Epigenesis, preformism) adakali mu 18 m'ma sayansi atagonjetsa. Kale 19 m'ma TH akhoza moyenerera amatchedwa m'ma chirengedwe. Ongolankhula mawerengeredwe zinthu, yodziwika ndi chitukuko, anayamba kulipira kwambiri chidwi poyamba mu nthaka, ndiyeno zamoyo ndi Chaanthu.

Darwin chiphunzitso, kafukufuku Herbert Spencer

Charles Darwin anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za kusanduka m'munda wa chowonadi, motero kuyala maziko a ongolankhula zamoyo ano. Herbert Spencer anayesa ziyerekezo maganizo ake pa Chaanthu. wasayansi Zimenezi zathandiza kuti mfundo zamoyo zinachita ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana kuti Usawasimbire ku nkhani ya zamoyo. Komabe, powerenga sayansi ambiri sanamvere kuvomereza. Kusinthika Systems akhala awaona asayansi kupatuka mwachisawawa, amene anaonekera chifukwa cha zipolowe za m'deralo. Asayansi anapanga paulendo wawo woyamba kuwonjezera lingaliro ili kupitirira chitukuko ndi sayansi zamoyo kuika patsogolo pa amanena kuti thambo likukula.

Lingaliro la Big Bang

Data analandira zakuthambo anatsimikizira kulephera kwa maganizo a chilengedwe n'kupuma. Asayansi apeza kuti wakhala osauka kuyambira Big Bang, limene, mogwirizana ndi maganizo athu, malinga mphamvu kuti chitukuko. Mfundo imeneyi anaonekera mu 40s Mu zaka zapitazo, ndipo mu 1970 potsiriza anakhazikitsa. Choncho, zamoyo zinachita ankaganizira analowa ulaliki. Lingaliro la Big Bang kwambiri kusintha maganizo a mmene nkhani m'chilengedwe chonse anauka.

Koma kumapeto kwa sayansi m'zaka 20 walandira zida methodological ndi ongolankhula mapangidwe chitsanzo limodzi kwa zinthu, kutsegula kwa malamulo onse a chirengedwe, amene integrally womangidwa kwa zikamera wa chilengedwe chonse, dongosolo dzuwa, dziko lapansili, moyo ndipo potsiriza, munthu ndi dziko. Universal (Global) evolutionism ndi chitsanzo chabwino.

Zikamera wa evolutionism lonse

Kumayambiriro 80 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, nzeru zamakono kukhala yofunika kwa ife lingaliro. Global evolutionism loyamba anayamba m'nkhani kuphunzira zochitika integrative mu sayansi, imene zokhudza Tiphunzire nthambi zosiyanasiyana za sayansi chilengedwe cha chidziwitso chisinthiko. Mawu amenewa anakhala munthu woyamba kufotokoza chilakolako cha khalidwe monga nthaka, zamoyo, sayansi zakuthambo ku generalization wa zamoyo wa njira extrapolate. Osachepera, ili ndi tanthauzo la mfundo yofunika kwa ife poyamba.

Academician NN Moiseev ananena kuti evolutionism lonse zingachititse asayansi pofuna kuthana ndi vuto la msonkhano biosphere ndi zofuna anthu pofuna kupewa lonse ngoziyo zachilengedwe. mtsutso The kunachitidwa osati mu njira ya sayansi. N'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa lingaliro la evolutionism lonse ali makamaka maganizo katundu, mosiyana evolutionism chikhalidwe. inawo, monga mwina mukukumbukira, nayikidwa mu zolemba Charles Darwin.

Global evolutionism, ndipo masiku ano chithunzi sayansi yadziko

Panopa, ambiri akuti chidwi kwa ife lingaliro kukhala olimba sayansi ndi njira zina. Kwenikweni, adapempha kuti evolutionism lonse ayenera kupanga maziko a chithunzi sayansi yadziko, chifukwa integrates nzeru za munthu komanso chikhalidwe. Mu mawu ena, anagogomezera kuti lingaliro ili ndi wofunika kwambiri mu chitukuko cha sayansi yamakono. Global evolutionism lero ndi zokhudza zonse mawonekedwe. Monga ananenera V. S. Stepin, mu sayansi yamakono, madalitso ake pang'onopang'ono kukhala maphatikizidwe lalikulu la chidziwitso. Izi lingaliro pakati umene wafala chithunzi wapadera wa dziko. Global evolutionism, monga V. S. Stepina, ndi kafukufuku pulogalamu lonse liwulo strategy kafukufuku. Panopa lilili unyinji Mabaibulo ndi mitundu, yodziwika ndi magulu a elaboration cilamulo: kuchokera nadzaza chikumbumtima tsiku ndi tsiku zodzinenera kudwala chosakayikitsa kuti mfundo zambiri zomwe tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane njira yonse ya zamoyo wa dziko.

Mfundo yaikulu ya evolutionism lonse

Zikamera wa lingaliro ili chokhudzana ndi kukula kwa malire a sayansi anavomereza chikhalidwe ndi zamoyo zamoyo zinachita njira. Kupezeka kwa Mkhalidwe leaps mu zamoyo ndi iye ku dziko chikhalidwe akhala chinsinsi. Zimakhala bwino pokhapokha poganiza kufunika kusintha zinthu zimenezi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magalimoto. M'mawu ena, zochokera kuli zamoyo wa dziko mu magawo ina ya kale, akhoza ankaganiza kuti ndi zamoyo zinachita dongosolo lonse. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chifukwa cha kusintha motsatizana anapanga zina zonse magalimoto, kuwonjezera pa chikhalidwe ndi kwachilengedwenso.

mawu izi zikhoza kuonedwa kuti chiphunzitso kwambiri zokhudza zimene evolutionism lonse. Masulirani mwachidule mfundo zake zazikulu. Likuthandizani kumvetsa bwino zimene uli pangozi.

mfundo

Tili ndi chidwi chofuna mawonedwe a unaonekera momwe formalize lingaliro ndi yofunika zikuluzikulu za chithunzi yamakono ya dziko wachitatu lotsiriza la zaka za m'ma lomaliza mu ntchito ya akatswiri ankaganizira (AD Ursula N. N. Moiseeva).

Malinga N. N. Moiseeva, mfundo zofunika chimayambitsa ndi evolutionism padziko lonse:

• Thambo limodzi kudziletsa osauka dongosolo.
• Development wa kachitidwe, kusanduka awo ndi mbali: ndi pa njira ya kukula zosiyanasiyana awo, kuchulukitsa kwa kachitidwe, komanso kuchepetsa bata awo.
• zinthu mwachisawawa kuti kulimbikitsa chitukuko, zivute zitani pano mu njira zonse zamoyo zinachita kusintha.
• Chibadwa chimapambana m'chilengedwe: akale zimadalira yalelo, koma bwino iwo kumatanthauza.
• Kuphunzira mphamvu ya dziko monga kusankha okhazikika, imene dongosolo ku madera osiyanasiyana pafupifupi amasankha kwambiri weniweni.
• Pamaso pa bifurcation wa limati si adakana, chifukwa cha zamoyo zina amakhala kwenikweni sizimadziwika, monga mu nthawi ya kusintha pali zinthu mwachisawawa.

Chilengedwe mfundo evolutionism lonse

Chilengedwe chimaoneka ngati gulu zachilengedwe, kusinthika pa nthawi. Global evolutionism - ganizo kuti, monga ndondomeko limodzi ikufotokoza mbiri yonse ya chilengedwe chonse. Dziko, zamoyo mankhwala ndi kusanduka chikhalidwe mu mitundu ya izo umanena motsatizana ndi chibadwa.

Mogwirizana ndi malo osiyanasiyana ukatswiri

Evolutionism ndi chofunika kwambiri kuti tikhale ndi mawonedwe evolutionarily-synergetic mu sayansi yamakono. Iye sanamvetse m'lingaliro chikhalidwe (Darwin), ndipo mwa lingaliro wa chilengedwe (padziko lonse) evolutionism.

Cholinga chachikulu cha chidwi kwa ife lingaliro la chitukuko ndi kugwirizanitsa kusiyana malo osiyanasiyana moyo. Othandiza cholinga chake pa malo a kudziwa kuti akhoza extrapolated kuti m'chilengedwe chonse ndi amene akanatha akulumikiza makombo osiyana kukhala mu mgwirizano. chilangocho ndi zamoyo zinachita zamoyo, yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo posachedwapa, anathandiza kwambiri evolutionism lonse ndi synergy.

Komabe, chidwi lingaliro pa nthawi yomweyo limasonyeza kutsutsana pakati pa lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe , ndi chiphunzitso zinachokera Charles Darwin. Last akulengeza kusankha zinthu ndi mawonekedwe a moyo, cholimbikitsa dongosolo, choyamba - kukula kwa randomization muyeso (mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito).

Vuto cha mfundo Anthropic

Global evolutionism limatitsimikizira kuti chitukuko cha dziko lonse umalimbana patsogolo bungwe structural. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, mbiri yonse ya chilengedwe chonse - njira imodzi kudziletsa kusanduka, kudziletsa chitukuko cha nkhaniyi. Global evolutionism - mfundo yofuna bwino kwambiri nzeru za chilengedwe, kuti dziko la zinthu. lingaliro ili tsopano ali ndi kuyatsa mosalekeza. Asayansi amaona aksiologicheskie, zomveka methodological ndi nzeru zaumunthu mbali. Vuto cha mfundo Anthropic n'chothandiza kwambiri. Pali mtsutso pa nkhaniyi. Mfundo imeneyi kumagwirizana ndi lingaliro la evolutionism lonse. Nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti Baibulo amakono ambiri a iwo.

Mfundo Anthropic ndi zikamera wa anthu zidatheka ndi zina katundu zikuluzikulu za chilengedwe. Ngati iwo anali osiyana, kuti palibe amene angadziwe dziko. Mfundo imeneyi ayikidwa patsogolo ndi Carter B. zaka zapitazo. Malinga ndi iye, pali malumikizanidwe pakati kuli nzeru m'chilengedwe ndi magawo ake. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti chiphunzitso cha funso mmene magawo a dziko athu mwangozi, mmene cholukanalukana. Kodi chimachitika n'chiyani ngati pali kusintha pang'ono iwo? Analysis zasonyeza kuti ngakhale kusintha mu magawo zofunika thupi adzatsogolera chakuti moyo, ndi Choncho, maganizo chabe sangaonekerenso chonse.

Carter anafotokoza ubale zikamera wa nzeru m'chilengedwe chonse ndi magawo ake mu amphamvu ndi ofooka chiphunzitso. Ofooka Anthropic mfundo limati yekha kuti zinthu zilipo izo, silimadzitsutsa kuli munthu. Amphamvu Anthropic Mfundo zikusonyeza ubale wowawa. Chilengedwe, malinga ndi iye, akhale ngati kuti pa siteji ena a chitukuko, timatha kuli amasangalatsa.

coevolution

Chiphunzitso cha evolutionism lonse ndi zofunika kwambiri ndi chinthu chotero monga "co-kusanduka". Mawu amenewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena kuti pa msinkhu wina, amene kuli munthu ndi chikhalidwe mogwirizana. Lingaliro la co-kusanduka zochokera chakuti anthu, kusintha biosphere atengere iwo zosowa zawo, ayenera kusintha okha kukwaniritsa ziyeneretso cholinga cha chibadwa. Mfundo imeneyi akufotokoza mawonekedwe kuikapo maganizo zinachitikira anthu kalekale, muli imperatives ena ndi lamulo la ankachita umoyo-achilengedwe.

pomaliza

Global evolutionism ndi chithunzi yamakono ya dziko - mutu otentha kwambiri sayansi. Nkhaniyi anaphimba kokha nkhani zikuluzikulu ndipo limaphunzitsa. Vuto la evolutionism padziko lonse, ngati n'koyenera, akhoza kuphunzira kwa nthawi yaitali.