Mitundu ya madzi. Mitundu njira ndi ndende ndi

Mtondo - tichipeza zinthu ziwiri kapena zambiri misa homogeneous kapena osakaniza zomwe chinthu chimodzi kumachita monga zosungunulira, ndi zina - monga particles ndi sungunuka.

Pali ziphunzitso ziwiri njira chiyambi mankhwala: mankhwala, amene ali woyambitsa wa Mendeleev D. I., ndipo thupi, bungwe la German ndipo Swiss sayansi Ostwald ndi Arrhenius. Malinga ndi kumasulira Mendeleev, zosungunulira ndi solute zigawo kukhala ophunzira mu mankhwala anachita kupanga mankhwala kusintha kwa zigawo zomwezi kapena particles.

Thupi chiphunzitso chomwecho wokanayo mogwirizana mankhwala pakati mamolekyulu zinthu zosungunulira ndi kusungunuka, kufotokoza ndondomeko ya madzi mapangidwe monga yunifolomu kufalitsidwa kwa particles (mamolekyulu, ayoni) pakati pa particles wa zosungunulira ndi amasungunula thunthu chifukwa zochitika chowoneka chotchedwa mayamwidwe.

njira gulu malinga ndi muyezo zosiyanasiyana

Pakali pano palibe dongosolo yunifolomu njira gulu Komabe, mitundu makonzedwe njira angathe kuikidwa m'magulu pa muyezo zofunika kwambiri, akuti:

I) Monga akaphatikiza boma secrete: olimba, gaseous ndi njira madzi.

II) Kukula kwa solute particles: colloidal ndi chenicheni.

III) Malinga ndi digiri ya tinthu ndende zinthu kusungunuka njira: zimalimbikitsa, unsaturated, anaikira, kuchepetsedwa.

IV) Mwa kukhoza kuchititsa magetsi: electrolytes ndipo sanali electrolytes.

V) Ndi cholinga ndi ntchito m'minda: mankhwala, mankhwala, zomangamanga, njira yapadera, ndipo ena.

Ndipamene njira m'chigawo akaphatikiza

njira gulu la loitanirana wa zosungunulira zili m'njira yotakata makhalidwe yaitali. Amaona njira madzi mankhwala (ndi monga solute atumikire monga chinthu madzi kapena olimba), koma kuganizira mfundo yakuti njira - ndi dongosolo homogeneous mankhwala awiri kapena kuposa, m'pomveka kuzindikira komanso njira olimba, ndi gaseous. njira olimba akuti ndi osakaniza, mwachitsanzo, zitsulo zingapo, imadziwika colloquially monga kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi. Gaseous mitundu njira - chisakanizo cha mitundu ingapo ya mpweya, chitsanzo - mpweya yozungulira ife amene ankayimiridwa ngati pawiri mpweya, asafe ndi mpweya.

Solutions malinga ndi kukula kwa particles ndi kusungunuka

Mitundu njira kusungunuka particles kakulidwe monga woona njira (ochiritsira) ndipo machitidwe colloidal. Woona njira solute linagawanika mu mamolekyulu laling'ono kapena maatomu kuyandikira kukula kwa mamolekyulu zosungunulira. Choncho woona mitundu njira nawobe katundu choyambirira cha zosungunulira ndi yokonza izo kwangochepetsako pang'ono chabe atamwa katundu physico-mankhwala amafotokozera kuwonjezera. Mwachitsanzo Kutha mchere mu madzi kapena shuga madzi amakhalabe mu boma lomwelo la loitanirana wa kugwirizana chomwecho, pafupifupi mtundu umodzi kusintha yekha kukoma kwake.

Colloidal njira yosiyana ndi masiku onse kuti pokha-pa chigawo si kwathunthu linakwiriridwa, pokhalabe maselo ndi mankhwala omwe kwambiri olumpha kutalika kwa particles ndi zosungunulira, choposa mtengo wa 1 nanometer.

Mitundu njira ndi ndende ndi

Yofanana zosungunulira akhoza kuwonjezeredwa mosiyanasiyana solute amafotokozera, linanena bungwe adzakhala njira ndi woipa osiyana. Tikungotchula ndi akuluakulu:

1. njira zimalimbikitsa yodziwika ndi digiri ya solubility wa thunthu pa zimene solute chigawo mchikakamizo cha kutentha zonse ndi kuthamanga salinso limaphwasuka kusandulika pa maatomu ndi mamolekyulu, ndi njira umalandira gawo mgwirizano. njira zimalimbikitsa komanso akhoza kugawidwa mu limafotokoza zimene kachigawo misa zigawo zikuluzikulu kusungunuka angafanane ndi zosungunulira, ndi kuchepetsedwa komwe solute ndi kangapo zochepa zosungunulira.
2. Unsaturated - anthu njira imene solute ukhoza apasuke mu particles ang'onoang'ono.
3. njira Supersaturated analandira pamene kusintha magawo kulimbikitsa zinthu (kutentha, kuthamanga), chifukwa mu sikutha 'kupsinja "thunthu kusungunuka, izo nikula koposa m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa (yachibadwa).

Electrolytes ndipo sanali electrolytes

Ena zinthu mu njira dissociate mu ayoni angathe kuchititsa magetsi panopa. madongosolo otero homogeneous amatchedwa electrolytes. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo zidulo, salt kwambiri. njira A popanda kuchititsa magetsi, amatchedwa sanali electrolytes (pafupifupi onse mankhwala organic).

Magulu njira anafuna

Njira ili yofunika m'magulu onse a chuma, limatchula za amene analenga mitundu njira yapadera, monga mankhwala, zomangamanga, mankhwala, ndi ena.

Medical njira - osakaniza mankhwala mu mawonekedwe a mafuta, suspensions, timadziti, njira ya kulowetsedwa ndi jekeseni, ndi mitundu ina mlingo ntchito mankhwala zolinga zochizira ndi kupewa matenda osiyanasiyana.

Mitundu njira mankhwala monga ambirimbiri mankhwala homogeneous ntchito zosiyanasiyana mankhwala: salt acid. njira imeneyi kungakhale organic kapena zochita kupanga, madzi (nyanja madzi) kapena anhydrous (zochokera benzene, acetone ndi zina zotero. D.), Phula (vodika) kapena olimba (mkuwa). Iwo apeza ntchito yawo kumabungwe osiyanasiyana chuma cha dziko: mankhwala, chakudya, makampani nsalu.

Mitundu mortars amasiyana viscous ndi wandiweyani kugwirizana, ichi ndi chifukwa chake kuli koyenera zambiri mutu mix.

Chifukwa mphamvu yake mofulumira alimbitse, iwo bwinobwino ntchito monga binder khoma zomangamanga, kudenga, kuchirikiza nyumba, komanso ntchito kuwamaliza. Amadzimadzi njira, nthawi zambiri zitatu zikuluzikulu (zosungunulira simenti osiyana kulemba filler) omwe ntchito monga filler mchenga, dongo, miyala, laimu, gypsum ndi zipangizo zina zomanga.