Moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha Pre-Mongol Rus (zaka 10-13)

Chikhalidwe choyambirira cha ku Russia chinasokonezeka ndi chikhalidwe cha Mongol pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1300. Choncho, olemba mbiri ndikulekanitsa nthawi yoyamba ya kusintha kwake (IX-XIII zaka) kuchokera pazochitika zonse. Chikhalidwe chosasinthasintha cha chikhalidwe chinali tsiku ndi tsiku - chirichonse chomwe chinali kuzungulira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu wamba ndi olemekezeka a anthu aku East Slavic.

Zojambulajambula

Monga chikhalidwe chonse cha Pre-Mongol Rus, zomangamanga za dziko zasinthika kwambiri kuyambira pamene Chikristu chinakhazikitsidwa komanso miyambo ya Byzantine inagwedezeka mu Old Russian. Kwa nthawi yaitali nyumba zomangamanga za ku Slavs East zinali zapadera komanso nyumba zamalonda. Kumpoto ku dera lamapiri pali miyambo yambiri yopenta matabwa.

Nyumba zamwala zinayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1000 pamene akatswiri a zomangamanga achigiriki anafika m'dzikoli pempho la Prince Vladimir. Zikumbutso zamtengo wapatali kwambiri za Pre-Mongol Rus zinamangidwa ku Kiev - "mayi wa mizinda ya Russia." Mu 989 kumangidwanso kwa mpingo wa khumi wa miyala kunayamba, komwe kunakhala tchalitchi chachikulu, chomwe chili pafupi ndi khoti la mfumu.

Pambuyo pake, nyumba zakale za ku Russia zinapangidwa m'mayiko onse a ku East Slavic. Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka za zana la makumi asanu ndi limodzi, St. Sophia Cathedral inadzipatulira ku Novgorod - lero ndilo kukopa kwa mzindawo. Nyumbayi imatchedwanso kuti mpingo wakale kwambiri wopangidwa ndi Asilavo ndipo amasungidwa ku Russia. Mzinda wake wa Sophia Cathedral unali ku Kiev. Chophimba chachikulu cha zomangidwe ndi Mpingo wa Intercession on the Nerl, womwe unakhazikitsidwa mu ulamuliro wa Vladimir m'zaka za zana la 12.

Makoma ambiri nthawi zambiri amaimirira malinga a mzindawo, anasonkhana kuchokera ku nyumba zamatabwa zamatabwa (omwe amatchedwanso anthu okhala mumzinda). Pamwamba, panali zifukwa zogwirira ntchito ndi asilikali, omwe adaniwo anali kuwombera. Zolimba zowonjezera zinali nsanja (vezhi). Mizinda ikuluikulu inali ndi makoma akunja, makina otetezeka komanso chitetezo chamkati. Makoma a mitu ya akalonga amatha kumangidwa ndi mwala. M'midzi mwawo, midziyi inakula, kumene amisiri ndi anthu ena wamba anakhazikika.

Kujambula

Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya Byzantine Orthodoxy, chikhalidwe cha Pre-Mongol Rus sichinapangidwe kokha ndi miyambo ya mipingo ya miyala, komanso ndi njira zatsopano zojambula. Mitundu yotereyi monga fresco, kujambula zithunzi ndi zojambulajambula, zakhala mbali yofunikira kwambiri ya moyo wa Aslav Kummawa. Pogwiritsa ntchito kujambula, chikoka cha Greek chinakhala chokhalitsa kuposa momwe amamangidwe, kumene kale kalembedwe ka Chirasha kanapangidwa posachedwa. Izi zinali chifukwa chakuti, mwachitsanzo, mujambulajambula panali chiphunzitso chokhwima chachikhristu, chimene ambuye sanachoke kwa zaka zambiri.

Kuwonjezera pa zipembedzo zomwe zinalipo komanso zojambula zapadziko. Chitsanzo chodziwika cha mtundu umenewu chinali zithunzi zojambula pakhoma zomwe zinapangidwa mu nsanja za Kiev Sophia. Zithunzizo zinkaimira banja la Grand Duke Yaroslav Wanzeru, zojambula kuchokera ku moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, mbalame zokongola ndi zinyama. Mpaka tsopano, mafano ambiri, adalengedwa m'dziko la Vladimir-Suzdal m'zaka za m'ma 1200, asungidwa. Zithunzizi zimasonyeza bwino kuti chikhalidwe cha Rus chinali chiani chisanafike ku Mongolia. Chipilala china chodabwitsa, chomwe chimakhalapo pakati pa zakale, chomwe chimakopeka kwambiri ndi Katolika ku Dmitriev, chikuwonetsera malo a Scarlet Court.

Chikhalidwe cha kalembedwe cha Mongol Rus chinayambika zaka za zana la 12, pamene dziko lina lisanakhazikitsidwe chifukwa cha kugawidwa kwa "sukulu" m'madera ambiri a zochitika. Zimenezi ndi zojambula bwino zakhudza. Mwachitsanzo, mu mpingo wa Novgorod wa Mpulumutsi pa Nereditsa , maluwa adalengedwa, akukhala ndi mzimu wapadera komanso wovuta. Zizindikiro za angelo akuluakulu ndi zifaniziro za oyera mtima sizili zofanana ndi zojambula zina za kale ku Russia.

Nyimbo

Nyimbo - uwu ndi mtundu wina wa luso, ndikuwonetseratu zomwe mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha Ancient Rus inali. Nthaŵi yoyamba ya Chimongoli inasiya umboni wambiri wa nyimbo zomwe amakonda nyimbo za Asi Slavs Kummawa. Nyimbo zimakhalapo chifukwa chakuti nthawi zonse zakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu olemekezeka komanso anthu wamba. Zikondwerero za banja, "merrymaking", sizinaperekedwe popanda nyimbo, kuvina ndi kusewera zida. Ntchito za anthu zinali zosiyana kwambiri. Uwu unali ukwati, nyimbo za masewera a kasupe, kulira kwa achibale awo omwe anamwalira.

Ochita masewera ambiri adakhala oimba-akatswiri. Oimba a Epic ndi olemba nkhani omwe amadziwika bwino pa zochitika za epic. Pogwirizanitsa, panali dziko lonse la magulu ozunguliridwa omwe anali ndi ziphuphu zomwe zinkachitika m'mabwalo a midzi ndi madyerero. Chikhalidwe cha Pre-Mongol Rus chinali champhamvu, ndipo nyimbo mwanjira imeneyi sizinali zosiyana ndi zojambula zina. Mafupa ambiri samangoyimba, koma adadziyesera okha ngati acrobats, ovina, ojambula ndi ochita masewera, ndiko kuti, anakhala litsedeyami. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti akuluakulu a boma nthawi zambiri ankamenyana ndi anthu oterewa, chifukwa nyimbo zakale za "ziwanda" zinali ndi zizindikiro za miyambo yakale yachikunja.

Zida za anthu a ku Russia zinaphatikizapo balalaikas, maseche, gusli, ziphuphu, malo. Ndipo nyanga ndi mapepala sankagwiritsidwanso ntchito poimba nyimbo, komanso polemba panthawi yochita masewera kapena masewera a usilikali. Mu squads panali zofanana za "orchestra". Mwachitsanzo, gululi linapangitsa kuti magulu a asilikali azikhala mumzinda wa Volga Bulgaria mu 1220.

Monga chikhalidwe chonse cha Pre-Mongol Rus, nyimbo zili ndi Orthodox niche. Malemba a nyimbo za tchalitchi anali Byzantine (potembenuza ku Slavonic). Kuchokera ku Agiriki, Russia adachita mwambo wamatchalitchi. Mofananamo panali njira zamakono.

Miyambo

Koposa zonse, chikhalidwe chakale cha Chirasha chimadziwika ndi chikhalidwe chake, chomwe chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusiyana kwake kwakukulu ndi chuma. Nyimbo, epics, incantations, ndakatulo zinali zofunikira kwambiri. Chikunja chinayambitsa nthano, zomwe zinasungidwa ngakhale pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chikristu. Mafotokozedwe achipembedzo adakula pamodzi ndi Orthodoxy, yomwe imawonetseratu zonse pa maholide a kalendala ndi zikhulupiliro.

Zopambana zowona mtima ndizozithunzi za luso la anthu olankhula. Anthu otchulidwa mwapadera a ntchito zotere anali amphamvu. Amuna monga Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich ndi Alyosha Popovich amadziwika kwa mwana aliyense m'maganizo a nthano. M'madera amenewa anawonetsera chuma chomwe chikuimira chikhalidwe cha Rus pre-Mongol. Amphamvu angakhale onse enieni ndi mbiri zenizeni. Mu nthano zokhudzana ndi ankhondo opanda mantha, nthawi yonse yamasiku apakati ndi zizindikiro zake (kumenyana ndi steppe nomads, "kutaya anthu", ndi zina zotero) zinasinthidwa.

Kulemba

Zosiyana ndi zolemba zamakalata zinalembedwa kulembedwa. Komabe, mabuku oterowo sakanatha kuwoneka opanda zilembo. Zomwezo, zinalowanso ku Russia pamodzi ndi chikhristu. Aphunzitsi a Byzantine Cyril ndi Methodius adasankha Asilavo zilembo zapadera, zomwe zinakhala maziko a malemba osiyanasiyana: Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Macedonian, ndi zina zotero.

Ntchito ya alaliki achi Greek ochokera ku Tesalonika inali ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Popanda zilembo za Cyrillic, chikhalidwe chonse cha Pre-Mongol cha Ancient Rus sichikanatha . Chilembochi chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito potembenuza malemba a Orthodox. Sukulu zoyamba, kuphunzitsa kulemba, zinakhazikitsidwa ndi Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.

Zolembedwa zapadera za kalembedwe ka Russian Russian ndi Novgorod birch makungwa makalata. Ambiri a iwo anapezeka ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale m'zaka za m'ma 1900. Malemba a makungwa a birch amasonyeza kuti kulemba ndi kuwerenga ku Russia sikungoganizire kuti ndi anthu okhawo amene ali ndi mbiri. Nzika zambiri wamba zinatha kulemba, zomwe zinalembedwa zakale zapakati pa Novgorod.

Zilembedwe zakale za Chi Cyrilli zinali zosiyana ndi zamakono. Linali ndi malemba akuluakulu komanso makalata ena. Kardinali kusintha kwa chilembo chakale kunachitikira pansi pa Peter I, ndipo adalandira mawonekedwe omaliza pambuyo pa 1917.

Mabuku

Pamodzi ndi zolembera, Rus adachotsa ku Byzantium buku la chikhalidwe. Ntchito zoyimirira zoyambirira zinali ziphunzitso zachipembedzo kapena maulaliki. Izi zikhoza kuonedwa ngati "Mawu a Chilamulo ndi Chisomo," olembedwa ndi Metropolitan Illarion pakati pa zaka za zana la 11.

Kumene mtundu wofala kwambiri unali mbiri. Sizinthu zochitika zokha, koma komanso zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha Ancient Rus chinali mu nthawi yoyamba ya Mongol. Wolemba wamkulu wa Kievan Rus ndi Nestor. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 12 iye analemba buku la zaka za Bygone. Mu chithunzi ichi, zochitika zazikulu za mbiri yakale ya Russia kuyambira kuonekera kwa dziko mpaka 1117 zinafotokozedwa. Nestor adakumbukira zochitika zandale: mikangano yachifumu, nkhondo ndi mgwirizano. The Chronicler anamusiya kumbuyo kwake "Kuwerenga", m'mene adakhala mwatsatanetsatane pa zojambula za atsogoleri awiri ofera Boris ndi Gleb.

Prince Vladimir Monomakh anakumbukiridwa osati kokha wanzeru wandale ndi luso wamkulu, komanso wolemba bwino. Wolamulira wa Kiev anachotsa oloŵa nyumba "Malangizo" - ndondomeko yandale, yomwe mlembiyo anafotokoza momwe boma liyenera kukhalira ndibwino. M'bukuli, Monomakh inakumbutsa akalonga am'tsogolo kuti zokonda za ndale siziyenera kuvulaza mgwirizano wa boma, zomwe ziri zofunika, kuphatikizapo kumenyana ndi Polovtsians omwe ndi osayendayenda.

"Malangizo" analembedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1200. Kumapeto kwa zaka zana lomwelo, ntchito yaikulu ya mabuku akale a Russian anawoneka - The Lay of Igor's Host. Analinso wodzipereka ku nkhondo yolimbana ndi a Polovtes. Pakatikati pa ndakatulo yofotokoza nkhaniyi ndi pulogalamu yopambana yopita ku steppe ya Prince Igor Svyatoslavich, yemwe adalamulira ku Novgorod-Seversky.

Kuopsya kwa moyo wamtendere kuchokera kwa anthu osankhidwa kwambiri kunakhudza kwambiri momwe chikhalidwe ndi njira ya moyo wa Pre-Mongol Rus idayambira. Mu "Mau" wolemba wosadziwika sanawonetsere wina momwe kuwonongedwa kwa amitundu kunali kuwononga. Monga Monomakh mu "Malangizo" ake, adatsindika kufunika kwa mgwirizano wa mayiko a Russia asanafike pangozi.

Zojambula zogwiritsidwa ntchito

Ambuye achi Russia kwa nthawi yayitali anali otchuka chifukwa cha njira zawo zopangira zodzikongoletsera (enamel, scan, etc.). Zofanana zomwezo zinapangidwa pansi pa dongosolo la mnyamata ndi wolemekezeka. Alendo ankakondweretsa Russian niello pa siliva. Kusakaniza uku kunakonzedwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana: zibangili, mitanda, mphete, ndi zina zotero.

Akatswiri a ku Kiev ankakonda kupanga zithunzi zasiliva ndi zasiliva pamdima wakuda. Nthawi zambiri akatswiri ojambula zithunzi za Vladimir ankapanga siliva weniweni komanso zithunzi zagolide. Ku Galicia, panali sukulu yake yopanga wakuda. Pa zitsanzo izi, zojambulazo zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito posonyeza momwe chikhalidwe ndi njira ya moyo wa Pre-Mongol Rus analili.

Zojambula za mzindawo zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi ntchito za mzindawo. Kumidzi, ambuye kwa nthawi yaitali amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zokongoletsera zawo zachikunja za mizimu yoyipa. Amulets ndi ziphuphu zinali zotchuka. Ambiri a iwo anapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zofikira kwambiri - nkhuni. Ngati poyamba zinthu zowonongeka zimagwiritsa ntchito zamatsenga, ndiye pang'onopang'ono zinataya tanthauzoli ndipo zinakhala zosavuta. Chikhalidwe cha Rus 'm'nthawi ya Chimongoli, mwachidule, chinasintha. Ndi m'badwo uliwonse, pang'ono ndi pang'ono unasintha ndipo unakhala wovuta kwambiri.

Moyo ndi nyumba

Ma Slimlyan oyambirira a Slav anali ndi uvuni, mabenchi ndi mabanki. Malo onsewa anakhala nyumba ya banja losiyana. Anthu ambiri a ku Arabia ankadziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa madera a kumidzi a kum'mwera kwa mafuko a kum'mwera kwa Asilavo. Nyumba zoterezi zinayamba kutha mu zaka za zana la khumi. Izi zinagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutha kwa maubwenzi a banja laling'ono komanso kufa kwa abale awo.

Mwachitsanzo, ku Kiev, kuphatikizapo masewera a dziko lapansi, panali nyumba za log ndi nyumba za log. Mtengowo unali wotsika mtengo, ukhoza kuwutenga pafupi ndi midzi yonse kapena kumidzi. Kupezeka kunathandiza kuti mwamsanga mubwezeretse malo okhala ngati moto. Mafuta amachititsa kuti kuwonongeka kwakukulu kukhale koopsa, komwe kumakhala kosaoneka ngati nkhuni.

Mbali yofunikira ya nyumba zapamwamba zinali Gridnitsa - chipinda chachikulu, kumene amphawi anasonkhana pamadyerero. Kuphunzira za chipangizo cha malo okhalamo ndi njira ina yosangalatsa yodziwira chikhalidwe cha Pre-Mongol Rus. Kukonza malo kunali chizindikiro cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, malo owonetsetsa masitepe a mwini nyumbayo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti m'zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chiwiri, pamene boma linasokonezeka, maboma akale a Akuluakulu adatayika - malo awo adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ndende.

Zovala

Alimi wamba, kapena anyamata, atavala malaya obvala, nsalu, atavala mathalauza, ndi nsapato zazikulu. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya wotsika mtengo unagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, malaya ovala zovala ankaonedwa ngati osowa. Nsaluzo zinali zopapatiza komanso zamtengo wapatali, zikopazo zinali zopangidwa ndi mkuwa. Akazi, monga lamulo, ankavekedwa zokongoletsera (mphete za pakachisi, zingwe, mikanda).

Chizindikiro cha gululo, zovala zapamwamba ndi zachifumu chinali chovala. Ngati amphawi amavala malaya amtengo wapatali, ndiye ovala zovala za silika. Nsapato zapamwamba zinali zitachotsedwa ku Morocco. Chikhalidwe chovomerezeka cha mfumu chinali chipewa ndi gulu la ubweya. Zokongoletsa za anthu olemekezeka zinali zopangidwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi golidi. Mwachitsanzo, Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich ankavala chovala chamtengo wapatali cha ngale. Moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha Pre-Mongol Rus (zaka khumi ndi khumi ndi ziwiri ndi khumi ndi ziwiri) zinadabwitsa alendo ambiri. Zovala za m'nyengo yozizira za ku Russia zinkapangidwa ndi ubweya waubweya, zomwe zinali zofunika kwambiri m'misika yonse ya ku Ulaya.

Chakudya

Popeza maziko a ulimi wa Russia anali ulimi wochuluka, chakudya cha anthu wamba chinali makamaka mkate ndi mbewu zina (balere, tirigu, rye ndi mapira). Kufunika kwawo kwa moyo wa Asilavo a Kum'maŵa kunali malamulo. Kudya mkate kotero kudalira kuti akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anapeza zidole za ana mwa mawonekedwe a mkate. Kulephereka kwa mbewu kunkaonedwa kuti ndivuto lalikulu kwambiri, chifukwa choyenera chomwe chinali mliri wadzaoneni.

Chakudya cha anthu a mumzindawu chinali nkhuku nyama ndi ziweto. M'mudzimo kwa nthawi yayitali mwambo wakale udasungidwa kavalo nyama. Mbali yofunikira pa tebulo pakhomo ndi mkaka, kuphatikizapo kanyumba tchizi. Nkhondo yeniyeni ya tchalitchi ndi chikunja inakhudzanso zakudya. Mwachitsanzo, tchizi tonse tomwe tinkati ndizochita mwambo. Ansembe amayesa kulamulira nkhosa zawo mothandizidwa ndi malo osiyanasiyana.

Nsomba patebulo, sturgeons anali ofunika kwambiri (zimadziwika kuti akalonga a Novgorod adatumizidwa ndi "sturgeon", omwe adasonkhanitsa kuchokera ku nsomba za malo ogulitsa nsomba kwa sturgeons). Mafungulo oyambirira anali turnips ndi kabichi. Chikhalidwe cha chakudya cha Pre-Mongol Rus, mwachidule, chinasintha pang'onopang'ono kusiyana ndi zina zonse za moyo wa Aslav. Zokololedwa kachisitomu zinali sinamoni, viniga, mtedza, tsabola, timbewu, tsabola. Kusowa kwa mchere kungasandulike tsoka lenileni. Chida ichi chinali chinthu chokondeka kwambiri cha amalonda.