Ndi zomera chiyani? Magulu a zomera amalimidwa kumeneko?

Nature yosiyanasiyana, pali mamilioni a mitundu mitundu yonse ya zamoyo mu ngodya zosiyanasiyana za Earth. Malinga taxonomy, iwo anawagawa maufumu awiri: sanali ma ndi ma. Zoyambazo zikuphatikizapo mavairasi yekha, ndipo gulu lachiwiri, nayenso umabweretsa pamodzi madambwe awiri: prokaryotes (zamoyo amene maselo muli mtima, ndicho archaea ndi mabakiteriya) ndi eukaryotes (phata alipo). Bwino kwa ife nyama ndi maluwa a mtundu wachiwiri. Eukaryotes anawagawa maufumu asanu: chrome, protists, nyama, bowa ndi zomera. Ndi za kale ndi ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

Ntchito ya zomera

Popanda sikutheka kuti aganizire moyo pa dziko. Zomera kuchita ndi ntchito yofunika - photosynthesis imene mpweya ndi kusanduka. Ndi chifukwa zamoyo izi, m'mlengalenga anakhala zimene tikudziwa izo lero - ndi okhutira mkulu mpweya ndi Mpweya umene mpira, kuteteza mavuto cheza ultraviolet.

Iwo akutumikira monga gwero lofunika pa nkhaniyi organic. Zomera tinganene kuti "chakudya" dziko lapansi, chifukwa mu unyolo iliyonse chakudya, iwo ndi kugwirizana choyamba.

Gawo sayansi

Aliyense chidwi kudziwa zimene zili zomera, kotero tiyeni tiyambe ndi choona kuti tione gulu lawo sayansi.

Onse m'magulu awiri lalikulu apamwamba m'munsi. Dama algae (m'madipatimenti zinayi: wofiira, zofiirira, buluu ndi buluu wobiriwira). zomera apamwamba monga magulu sikisi: lycopsids, Horsetail, kufalitsa Moss, fern, gymnosperms ndi angiosperms (maluwa zomera). Gulu la zomera motere: Front - kalasi - dongosolo - banja - mtundu - mitundu.

Mbiri ya kuphunzira zomera

Ndiye kodi zomera kuyambira nthawi yakale chidwi anthu ambiri - asayansi ndi kungofuna kudziŵa umunthu.

Amatchedwa "tate wa zomera" kulandira wakale Greek wasayansi Theophrastus, amene anakhalako m'zaka 370-285. BC. e. Iye anali mmodzi wa oyamba amene anayamba kufufuza nkhani limene pali zomera. Iye ukugawa iwo m'magulu osiyana monga mwamawonekedwe awo, maluwa nthawi ndi zina zotero. D.

Komanso, phunziro lalikulu kugwirizana ndi zomera, anachititsa katswiri Roma Dioscorides. Iye anakhala mu BC atumwi. e. Iye amakhala ntchito, limene limafotokoza katundu pafupifupi isanu zitsamba.

Wasayansi amene analenga Gawo loyamba zamoyo zonse, anali Karl Linney. moyo wake unakhala kuchokera 1708 mpaka 1778 mu ntchito yake "Systema Naturae" ndi nkhani imene pali zomera. Maluwa iye systematized ndi nambala ya stamens mu iwo.

Komanso ofufuza kwambiri amene adzipereka kuwerenga ntchito chomera, anali Augustin Pyramus de A Candolle (1778-1841). Iye amakhala ntchito "kalambulabwalo zachilengedwe masamba ufumu dongosolo", amene amafotokoza za 60 zikwi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Komanso chopereka chachikulu sayansi yotentha ndi Adolf Gustav Heinrich Engler (1844-1930), amene anali nawo pa kusintha kwa gulu mbewu. Iye anali ntchito monga "dongosolo zachilengedwe mabanja mbewu", "masamba ufumu", "Program mabanja maluwa mbewu" kulengedwa molumikizana ndi botanists ena. Iwo anafotokoza magulu a zomera ndi. Kuwonjezera gulu la, Engler komanso chinkhoswe phytogeography. Amadziwika ntchito yake ntchito imeneyi ndi "Land Zomera" mu mabuku khumi ndi zisanu ndi "Dziko la Africa East zomera ndi m'midzi yapafupi."

Phunzirani za magulu osiyana zomera

Aliyense dipatimenti zomera ndi magulu. Lycopsids kokha limodzi la dzina chomwecho. Ndi Horsetail amatanthauza kalasi equisetopsida. Kufalitsa Moss ogaŵikana ndere sphagnum, leafy, Andreeva, politrihovye, tetrafisovye, takakievye. The dipatimenti fern zikuphatikizapo kalasi eponymous ndi salvinievye ndi psilotovidnye. Gymnosperms ophatikizana ginkgovidnye, sagovnikovye, gnetophyta ndi paini kapena conifer.

Makalasi a maluwa zomera: dicotyledons ndi monocotyledons. Izi zikuphatikizapo ambiri zomera wathu mwachizolowezi. Kalasi yoyamba zikuphatikizapo nyemba, Rosaceae, birch, mtedza, dzungu, msondodzi, ambulera, komanso mabanja ena ambiri. The chachiwiri - kakombo, maluwa, monga chimanga, nthochi, anyezi, Iris, kanjedza ndi ena.

Gulu la zomera ndi kapangidwe ka ziwalo zawo vegetative

Kale pa mfundo imeneyi pali magulu atatu: udzu, zitsamba ndi mitengo. Tsopano mbewu akhoza kugawidwa mu-zamoyo zisanu ndi ziwiri. udzu ichi, succulents (zimayambira minofu kwambiri, amene ali yambiri madzi, kuphatikizapo nkhadze, Aloe, kalanchoe, agave, etc.), mphesa, zitsamba, zitsamba, mitengo.

njira zina gulu chomera

Iwo akhoza kugawidwa mu chikhalidwe, zakutchire ndi udzu. Choyamba - zomera zomwe mwakula ndi mwamuna pa zifukwa zina, iwo akhoza systematized. Mumadziwika kafukufuku Ni Vavilov analemba zimene gulu la zomera nakulitsa kumeneko. Nkhani imeneyi ndi chidwi ndi ena ambiri. zomera nakulitsa zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu. Pa iwo ayankhidwa pansipa.

Choncho zomwe gulu la zomera nakulitsa kumeneko?

• Inulinonosnye. Zomera zimene muli polysaccharide amatchedwa "inulin". mankhwala ntchito zachipatala, ndipo ntchito monga shuga wogwirizira odwala matenda ashuga. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo dahlia, chicory, Yerusalemu atitchoku.
• Zhirnomaslichnye. Izi ndi zomera kuti ntchito mafuta osiyana. Zikuphatikizapo mpendadzuwa, zitsamba, rapeseed, safflower, ndi zina zotero D..
• Chakudya: sochnoplodnye, matabwa tverdoplodnye ndi mbewu yowutsa mudyo. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo mapeyala, maapulo, nthuza apricots, mphesa, currants, otuwira, chitumbuwa, mtengo wa kanjedza, ndi zina zotero D..
• Mapuloteni. Zomera ndi mkulu mapuloteni okhutira mu chipatso. soya ichi, nandolo, nyemba, lupins, nyemba zina.
• Krahmalonosnye. Izi makamaka mbatata, chimanga, Mapila, tirigu, buckwheat, mpunga, mapira, rye, tirigu, yams, wokoma mbatata.
• CHIKWANGWANI. Zomera za ntchito yopanga filaments. Izi thonje, hemp, fulakesi, jute.
• The shuga. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo yekha nzimbe ndi Beets.
• Masamba. Izi tomato, nkhaka, sikwashi, biringanya, tsabola, kabichi, kaloti, Palestina ankalima, udzu winawake, parsley, adyo, anyezi, biringanya ndi zina zambiri.
• Kudzutsa ndi chomwa mankhwalawa. Izi tiyi, khofi, koko, fodya, poppy ndi ena.
• Dyetsani. Zikuphatikizapo clover, turnips, mpiru, rutabaga, nyemba.
• Ya mphira. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo Hevea, chitsamba chowawa, dandelion, milkweed.
• zomangamanga Wood asatayike. Zikuphatikizapo bulugamu, cinchona, nsungwi.
• Zokongoletsera. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo zomera labala, maluwa, maples, mitundu ina ya Mumapezekanso ndi makhwatha, kuno akhoza pachikhalidwe ndi houseplants.

Pa zimene amalimidwa zomera, tingaphunzire kuchokera m'buku Zhukovskogo P. M. "wobzalidwa zomera ndi achibale awo," lolembedwa mu 1964.