Moyo ndi ntchito ya Ostrovsky. Masitepe ndi mbali ya zinthu Ostrovsky

Dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky - wotchuka Russian Wolemba Wolemba wina, ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa chitukuko cha muholo ina ya m'dzikoli. Iye anapanga latsopano sukulu zimathandizadi magemu analemba mabuku ambiri chidwi. Nkhaniyi itithandiza osonyeza njira yaikulu ya zilandiridwenso Ostrovsky. Ndipo mphindi kwambiri pa moyo wake.

ubwana

Dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, chithunzi cha zimene zili m'nkhani ino, anabadwa mu 1823, March 31, mu Moscow, m'dera la Malaya Ordynka. atate wake - Nikolai Fedorovich - anakulira wansembe banja, maphunziro Moscow Theological Academy yokha Komabe, sanali kutumikira mu mpingo. Iye anakhala bwalo loya, chinkhoswe mu zochitika malonda ndi zachiweruzo. Nikolai Fedorovich anakwanitsa ananyamuka ku Mulingo wa phungu titular, ndipo kenako (mu 1839) kuti anthu otchuka. Amayi tsogolo Wolemba wina - Savvina Lyubov Ivanovna - anali mwana wa sexton lapansi. Iye anafa pamene Alexander zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha. Banja la ana asanu ndi kukula Ostrowski. Nikolai Fedorovich anachita zonse zimene ana akukula bwino ndiponso maphunziro abwino. Patapita zaka zingapo Lyubov imfa kukwatirana. mkazi wake anayamba Emilia Andreevna maziko Ticino, baroness, mwana wamkazi wa Swedish m'banja lachifumu. Ana ndi mwayi kwambiri ndi mai anga ondipeza: anakhoza kupeza njira yofikira kwa iwo ndipo anapitiriza kuchita maphunziro awo.

achinyamata

Dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky anakhala mwana mu mtima wa Zamoskvorechye. bambo ake anali laibulale zabwino kwambiri, chifukwa mwanayo oyambirira ubwenzi ndi mabuku a olemba Russian ndipo ine ndinamverera Ambiri Amakonda kulemba. Komabe, bambo anaona mnyamata chabe wazamalamulo. Choncho, 1835, Alexander anatumizidwa ku sukulu Choyamba Moscow, atamva kuti iye anali wophunzira pa University Moscow. Komabe, kupeza malamulo digiri ku Ostrovsky analephera. Iye anakangana ndi mphunzitsi nasiya yunivesite. Potsatira malangizo a bambo Alesandro anapita kukatumikira ku bwalo kalaliki ndi kugwira ntchito mu udindo uwu kwa zaka zingapo.

cholembera mayeso

Koma Alexander sanadzisiyira ankafuna kutsimikizira kuthengo zolembalemba. Mu masewero ake woyamba unachitikira accusatory, "makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe" malangizo. Woyamba ntchito za Ostrovsky zinasindikizidwa mu magazini atsopano, "Moscow City boma yotchedwa Gazette", mu 1847. Amenewa anali zina zachidule kwa sewero lanthabwala ndi "anaphonya wamangawa" ndi nkhani "Mfundo Zamoskvoreche wokhala pakati panu." Mu buku la amatanthauza "kalata A. O "ndi" D. G. "Mfundo yakuti wina wotchedwa Dmitry Gorev anapereka wamng'ono Wolemba wina wa mgwirizano. Izo osasunthika kulemba wina zochitika, koma pambuyo pake kunakhala kwa Ostrovsky gwero la vuto lalikulu. Ena otsutsa ndiye mlandu plagiarism Wolemba wina. Mtsogolo, pa cholembera cha Alexander II adzamasulidwa kwambiri za masewero kwambiri, ndipo palibe angayerekeze kukayikira luntha lake. Wotsatira anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za moyo ndi ntchito ya Ostrovsky. Gome m'munsimu adzakhala dongosolo mfundo.

Bwino loyamba

Kodi zimenezi zinachitika liti? Ambiri a zilandiridwenso Ostrovsky analandira pambuyo buku mu 1850 sewero lanthabwala "anthu Ake - liwerengedwa!". ntchito unachititsa review zabwino mabwalo mabuku. Ivan Goncharov ndi kusewera N. V. Gogol a anapereka ziyenera positive. Komabe, mu mbiya izi uchi ndipo muli ndi ntchentche chidwi mafutawo. Nawonso Moscow amalonda, mkwiyo wa kalasi anadandaula kwa akuluakulu pa dramatist kufika. sewerolo yomweyo yoletsedwa ku chiphunzitso, mlembiyu anachotsedwa ofesi ndi kuikidwa pansi pa kukaonekera kupolisi kwambiri. Ndipo izo zinachitika pa dongosolo lenileni la Mfumu Nicholas Woyamba. Kuyang'aniridwa linathetsedwa pokhapokha anakwera wachifumu, Mfumu Alexander II. A sewero lanthabwala zisudzo omvera ankangoona mu 1861, pambuyo zochotsa kuletsa chiphunzitso chake.

masewero oyambirira

Kumayambiriro Ntchito A. N. Ostrovskogo anali sizikugwiridwa, ntchito mabuku makamaka "Moskvityanin" magazini. Wolemba wina mwachangu anathandizana ndi kope ndipo pamene wotsutsa ndi mkonzi mu zaka 1850-1851. Mothandizidwa "wamng'ono mkonzi ndodo" magazini ndi ideologist chachikulu cha bwalo lino, AA Grigoriev, Alexander analemba kusewera "Umphawi mulibe upandu," "kukhala mu sled anu", "moyo osati monga mukufuna." Mitu ya zilandiridwenso Ostrovsky mu nthawi ino - pa idealization miyambo za makolo akale Russian wakale ndi miyambo. amenewa ndi pang'ono asowetsedwa accusatory pathos la wolemba. Komabe, ntchito za dongosolo chawonjezeka luso kochititsa kaso Alexander Nikolayevich. masewero ake otchuka ndi otchuka.

Cooperation ndi "Contemporary"

Kuyambira 1853, nyengo ya zaka makumi atatu, Alexander Nikolayevich masewero wina nyengo asonyeza pa Maly (mu Moscow) ndi Alexandrinsky (mu St. Petersburg) owonetsera. Kuyambira 1856, ntchito Ostrovsky ali mokhazikika mu magazini "Contemporary" (kusindikizidwa ntchito). Pa mavuto chikhalidwe mu dziko (pamaso chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu 1861), ntchito wolemba linadzazanso accusatory m'mphepete. Mu sewerolo "Mu chachilendo phwando matsire" wolemba walenga fano chidwi Bruskova Tito Titych, zomwe zili akhakula ndi mdima mphamvu ya despotism zoweta. Pano Kwa nthawi woyamba adawomba mawu "wankhanza", kukonza kenako kwa zomera lonse la zilembo Ostrovsky. Mu sewero lanthabwala ndi "A Post N'kopindulitsa" anakhala ponseponse kunyozedwa akuluakulu prodazhnichestvo. Drama "The Kamwana" anali kuukira moyo motsutsa nkhanza munthu. Adzakhululukidwa pansipa ndi masitepe ena Ostrowski luso. Koma zomwe pamwamba pa nthawi imeneyi ntchito yake zolembalemba anali umoyo maganizo sewero "Mvula ya Mkuntho".

"The Mavuto"

Mu sewero ili, "BYTOVIK" Ostrovsky utoto kukometsa chikhalidwe cha tauni akuzigawo ndi chinyengo ake, nkhanza, ndi unquestioned ulamuliro "mkulu" ndi olemera. Kusiyana dziko ungwiro wa anthu Alexander zimatanthauza chithunzi zosangalatsa wa Volga chikhalidwe. Chifanizo cha Catherine chokhala kukongola zowawa ndi chithumwa zakuda. Mvula ya Mkuntho limaimira chisokonezo wauzimu wa heroine, ndipo nthawi yomweyo akuimira katundu mantha umene anthu wamba moyo mpaka kalekale. Ufumu wa kumvera akhungu kuchepetsa ndi Ostrovsky, magulu awiri: lolingalira, amene amalalikira mu sewerolo Kuligin ndi moyo wangwiro Katerina. Mwa "Ray wa kuwala mu mdima" Dob wotsutsa anamasulira chifanizo cha khalidwe waukulu monga chizindikiro kumusonyeza kwambiri, pang'onopang'ono kukhwima mu dziko.

Kudzera sewero ili anasangalala kuti mumangire kutalika zilandiridwenso Ostrovsky. "The Mphepo" Alexander Nikolayevich anachita wotchuka ulemu Russian Wolemba wina.

zifukwa mbiri

Mu theka lachiwiri la 1860s, ndi Alexander anayamba kuphunzira mbiri ya Time ya Mavuto. Anayamba zizigwirizana ndi mbiri odziwika ndi womenyera ufulu chikhalidwe Nikolai Ivanovich Kostomarov. Yachokera pa kafukufuku wa magwero a Wolemba wina kuopsa analengedwa ndi mndandanda wa mbiri: "wotchedwa Dmitry ndi wonamizira ndi Vasily Shumsky," "Kozma Minin Zaharich-Sukhoruk", "Tushino". Mavuto a mbiri Russian Buku Ostrowski mochenjera ndi molondola.

masewero ena

Alexander komabe anali wokhulupirika kwa mutu amakonda. Mu 1860s analemba zingapo "tsiku ndi tsiku" masewero ndi masewero. Mwa iwo: "Amphamvu Masiku", "phompho", "Jokers". Ntchito izi wotetezedwa kale anapeza zolinga wolemba. Popeza malemu 1860s ntchito Ostrovskogo akukumana ndi nyengo ya chitukuko yogwira. Mu sewero lake kuoneka zithunzi ndi mitu ya "latsopano" akutulukira kuchokera kusintha kwa Russia: bongo, purchasers, moneybags otsika wa umutu ndi amalonda "Europeanized". Alexander analenga wanzeru mndandanda wa comedies satirical, kumasintha nkhambakamwa nzika pambuyo kusintha, "Easy Ndalama," "Hot Mtima", "ankhandwe ndi Nkhosa", "Forest". Makhalidwe abwino Wolemba wina zoyera moyo, anthu olemekezeka: Paracha za "ofunda mtima" Aksyusha a "Nkhalango". Ostrovsky chifaniziro cha tanthauzo la moyo, chimwemwe ndi udindo zili mu sewerolo "Labor Mkate". Pafupifupi onse ntchito za Alexander II, olembedwa mu 1870, lofalitsidwa mu "Mfundo za Lathu".

"Chipale Buthu"

Maonekedwe a ndime iyi ya sewerolo anali mwachisawawa kwathunthu. Small zisudzo mu 1873 chinatsekedwa kwa kukonza. zisudzo ake anasamukira ku nyumba ya Bolshoi Theatre. Mu nkhani imeneyi, Commission pa Moscow Imperial Theaters Management adaganiza zolenga bwanji zimene atatu a gululo adzaloŵetsedwamo: zikuluzikulu, kuvina ndi sewero. Lembani chidutswa ofanana anatenga dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky. "Chipale Buthu" linalembedwa ndi Wolemba wina mu kanthawi kakafupi nthawi. Maziko wolemba anatenga nkhani ya wowerengeka nthano Russian. Pamene ntchito pa sewerolo, mosamala anasankha miyeso ya ndakatulo, anakambirana ndi archeologists, azambiriyakale, akatswiri a masiku amakedzana. Music anapeka kwa sewero wamng'ono P. I. Chaykovsky. sewerolo linayamba kuonetsedwa mu 1873, May 11, pa siteji ya Bolshoi Theatre. K. S. Stanislavsky analankhula za "Snow Buthu" monga nthano, loto, anauza mu mokweza ndi zazikulu ndakatulo. Iye anati realist ndi BYTOVIK Ostrovsky analemba sewero ili ngati mpaka ndiye kuti alibe chidwi, kupatula chikondi choyera komanso ndakatulo.

Ntchito zaposachedwapa,

Nthawi imeneyi, Ostrovsky analemba kwambiri chikhalidwe ndi maganizo sewero lanthabwala ndi sewero. Amanena za tsoka zomvetsa chisoni kudzimva mochenjera akazi mphatso ya dziko amakayikira ndi kudzikonda chidwi, "Maluso ndi admirers", "Mkwatibwi". Apa Wolemba wina anayamba njira yatsopano ya mawu ed, zinkayembekezera ntchito Antona Chehova. Kusunga makhalidwe a sewero ake, Alexander anafuna kuzindikira "wanzeru yabwino sewero lanthabwala" "mkati kulimbana 'otchuka.

ntchito panja

Mu 1866, Alexander anayambitsa wotchuka Luso Circle. Kenako anapereka Moscow siteji zisudzo ambiri aluso. Tinkayenda Ostrovsky nkhanza za m'banja Grigorovich, Ivan Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, P. M. Sadovsky, AF Pisemsky, G. N. Fedotova, M. E. Ermolova, P. I. Chaykovsky , L. N. Tolstoy, INE Saltykov-Shchedrin, IE Turchaninov.

Mu 1874 izo analenga Society olemba Russian mwamphamvu analemba sewero Russia. Association tcheyamani dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky linasankhidwa. Photos of chithunzi wotchuka anthu ankadziwika kuti lililonse kuonera luso kuchita mu Russia. Wokonzanso anali kuyesetsa ndithu kuti malamulo zisudzo kasamalidwe anaikonzanso mokomera ojambula zithunzi, motero kwambiri kusintha mthupi mwawo chuma ndi chikhalidwe.

Mu 1885, Alexander anaikidwa mutu wa gawo la repertoire owonetsera mu Moscow ndipo anakhala mtsogoleri wa sewero sukulu.

zisudzo Ostrovsky

Aleksandra Ostrovskogo zilandiridwenso ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi mapangidwe a zisudzo Russian m'njira yake yamakono. Wolemba wina ndi wolemba wakhala anatha kulenga zisudzo zake sukulu ndi lingaliro lonse la staging wapadera kuimba ed.

Features wa zilandiridwenso Ostrovsky zisudzo ndi kupanda kauntala akuchita chikhalidwe ndi umphawi wadzaoneni mu ntchito sewero. Mu ntchito za Alexander Nikolayevich zimachitika zochitika mwachizolowezi ndi anthu wamba.

Mfundo yaikulu ya kukonzanso:

• zisudzo zikhazikitsidwe misonkhano (azipereka wosaonekayo "chachinayi khoma" umene umawalekanitsa oonera ku zisudzo za);
• pamene wakhala mlingo sewero kukhala pa wosewera odziwika bwino, ndipo pa gulu kudziwa ojambula zithunzi mzake;
• Mugone wosasinthika zisudzo ku chinenero: makhalidwe kulankhula ayenera kufotokoza pafupifupi onse a m'nkhaniyi akuimira mu sewerolo;
• Anthu amabwera kwa zisudzo kuti kuonera masewera zisudzo, osati kuti timudziwe bwino sewerolo - kuwerenga kunyumba.

Mfundo zomwe zinatuluka ndi wolemba Ostrovskiy dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich, pambuyo pake kusinthidwa M. A. Bulgakovym ndi K. S. Stanislavskim.

moyo

moyo wa Wolemba wina anali chimodzimodzi chidwi kuposa ntchito yake zolembalemba. Mu mgwirizano yapachiweniweni ndi losavuta m'munsi opeza mkazi anakhalako pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri Ostrovskiy dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich. Chidwi mfundo ndi mfundo za okwatirana wolemba ndi mkazi wake woyambayo chimwemwe ofufuza.

Mu 1847, ku St. Nicholas Vorobinovskom Alley pafupi ndi nyumba kumene ankakhala Ostrovsky, iye anathetsa ndi mlongo wake khumi chaka chimodzi, mtsikana - Agafya Ivanovna. Iye analibe achibale, anzako. Palibe amene akudziwa kumene iye anakumana ndi Aleksandrom Nikolaevichem. Komabe, mu 1848 achinyamata ndi mwana wamwamuna, Alex. Kuti zinthu kulera ana sinali, kotero mnyamata anaikidwa mongoyembekezera ku osungirako ana amasiye. bambo Ostrowski anali moyipa anakwiya kuti mwana wake kutula yunivesite zapamwamba, komanso zokhudzana ndi losavuta m'munsi opeza mkazi kumakhala anthu oyandikana nawo.

Komabe, Alexander anasonyeza kulimba ndipo pamene atate wake ndi akulera ana opeza anapita kumalo posachedwapa anagula Shchelykovo m'chigawo Kostroma, anakakhala ndi Agafya Ivanovna mu nyumba matabwa.

Wolemba ethnographer sv Maksimov mwanthabwala anamutcha mkazi wake woyamba Ostrovsky "Mkazi Martha kazembe," chifukwa anali pafupi ndi wolemba mu nthawi ya umphawi ndi kulandidwa kwambiri. Ostrovsky abwenzi Agafia Ivanovna yodziwika monga munthu mwachibadwa ndi wochenjera kwambiri ndi mtima. N'zochititsa chidwi ankadziwa makhalidwe ndi miyambo ya moyo wamalonda ndi wa chikoka mtheradi pa ntchito Ostrovsky. Alexander zambiri anafunsira naye za chilengedwe cha ntchito zawo. Komanso, Agafya Ivanovna anali wodabwitsa ndi kulandiridwa Hostess. Koma m'banja boma ndi Ostrovsky iye chikalata ngakhale pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake. ana onse obadwa mwa ichi, anafa ali aang'ono kwambiri, okha akulu, Alex, mwachidule anakumana mayi.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, Ostrovsky anali masewera ena. Iye anali kutifotokozera mu chikondi ndi Lyubov Pavlovnu Kositsky-Nikulin, amene ankaimba Catherine pa kuyamba kwa "Mphepo" mu 1859. Koma posakhalitsa, panali yopuma munthu: Ammayi ndi anaponya Wolemba wina kwa munthu wamalonda wolemera.

Ndiye Alexander Nikolayevich panali kulankhulana ndi wojambula wamng'ono Vasilyeva-Bakhmet'eva. Agafya Ivanovna ankadziwa za izo, koma molimba mtima anaberekera mtanda wake, anatha kusunga kudzilemekeza Ostrovsky. Iye anamwalira mu 1867, 6 March, atadwala nthawi yaitali. Alexander sanadzisiyira mphasa yake mpaka mapeto. Manda a mkazi woyamba Ostrovsky osadziwika.

Patapita zaka ziwiri iye anakwatira Wolemba wina-Bakhmet'eva Vasilyeva, amene anam'berekera ana aakazi awiri ndi ana anayi. Ndi mkazi uyu Alexander moyo mpaka imfa yake.

wolemba Imfa

Zinachitika chikhalidwe ndi zochita kulenga sanathe zingadwalitse wolemba. Komanso, ngakhale gulu labwino la masewero ndi penshioni pachaka wa $ 3 zikwi, ndalama Alexander Nikolayevich nthawi analibe. Wotopa nkhawa zonse, thupi la wolemba pamapeto pake sanakwaniritsidwe. Mu 1886, pa 2 June, wolemba anamwalira mu chikhalidwe chake Shchelykovo pafupi Kostroma. Mfumu Alexander III mwapatsidwa maliro Wolemba wina 3000 rubles. Komanso, mkazi wamasiye wa wolembayo, iye anasankha penshioni kuchuluka kwa rubles 3 zikwi, ndi za maphunzilo a wana Ostrowski - ngakhale 2400 rubles chaka.

Kuwerengera

Moyo ndi zilandiridwenso Ostrovsky akhoza mwachidule kuwonetsedwa tebulo kuchuluka.

Zinthu zimenezi anali odzaza ndi moyo ndi zilandiridwenso Ostrovsky. Table lomwe limatchula chochitika chachikulu mu moyo wa wolembayo, kudzakuthandizani kumvetsa bwino mbiri yake. Kochititsa zotsatira za Alexander Nikolayevich n'kofunika kwambiri. Little Theatre koma pamene moyo lalikulu ziboliboli anatchedwa "kunyumba Ostrovsky," ndi akuti kwambiri. Zilandiridwenso Ostrovsky, imafotokoza mwachidule zomwe walembedwa m'nkhani ino, m'pofunika kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane.