Mtendere wa Augsburg mu 1555

Wotchuka Mtendere wa Augsburg yosainidwa pambuyo anayamba kufalitsa chiphunzitso watsopano mu Europe. dongosolo, anaika mu 1555, inatenga zaka 60, mpaka chiyambi cha zaka makumi atatu nkhondo.

kukonzanso

Mu 1517 m'tauni German wa Wittenberg anali chochitika chidwi. Mmonke wa Order avgustiniantsev Martin Luther kuikidwa pa khomo la pepala tchalitchi ndi 95. Mu iwo, iye anadzudzula kuti zinkachitika mu Roma Katolika. Atatsala pang'ono ichi, mwayi kugula makalata (chikhululukiro cha machimo) ndalama.

Corruption ndi kuchoka ku mfundo za Uthenga Wabwino wa nkhonya chonyansa kuti kutchuka kwa Mpingo wa Katolika. Martin Luther anali tate wa Kukonzanso - ndondomeko ya kulimbana kwa kusintha mu dziko la chikristu. otsatira ake ankatchedwa Achiprotestanti kapena Lutheran (ichi yopapatiza kwambiri akuti, kuwonjezera Lutheran Achiprotestanti, mwachitsanzo, anali Achikalvini).

Zimene zikuchitika ku Germany

Reformation linali likulu la Germany. dziko lino sanali boma limodzi. m'gawo lake unagawidwa pakati pa akalonga ambiri amene anali wamng'ono kwa mfumu ya Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma. Mphamvu ya mfumu ichi wapamwamba sanachitepo monolithic. Akalonga nthawi zambiri palokha zoweta ndondomeko.

Ambiri a iwo anathandiza Reformation nakhala Achiprotestanti. Kayendedwe atsopano anayamba chotchuka pakati pa anthu wamba ku Germany - okhala m'tauni ndi anthu wamba. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti nkhondo ndi Rome, ndipo kenako ndi mphamvu lachifumu (mafumu anali Akatolika). Mu 1546-1547 gg. Kuthyoka schmalkaldic nkhondo. Iwo unawononge- dziko ndiponso anasonyeza inefficiency a dongosolo lakale. Pakufunika kupeza kukondera pakati pa zipani zotsutsana.

Long nkhani kuyambirira

Pamaso maphwando walemba Mtendere wa Augsburg, izo Panafunika zokambirana, amene anakokera kwa zaka zingapo. kupambana kwawo choyamba chinali chakuti mwa akulu ndi electors amene anavomera kuti akhale intermediaries pakati pa Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti anali. Mfumu ya Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma Karl V Gabsburg pa nthawi ino anakanganapo ndi Papa, amene anapanga mwayi nazo kwambiri zinthu zikuwayendera bwino ntchito.

Mtendere wa Augsburg zidatheka chifukwa chakuti zofuna za Akatolika anayamba akuimira German mfumu Ferdinand I. mutu Izi makamaka ankaona mwamwambo, koma unali m'bale mfumu, Charles, amene anali dzanja lamanja lake munthu. Mutu wa Achiprotestanti pa zokambirana lidalengedwa ndi Elector Morits Saksonsky.

Ndale Akalonga zitsulo olamulira ndi chimodzi ndi nthambi zina Mkhristu. Ena mwa iwo anali olamulira a Bavaria, Trier, Mainz (Roma Katolika), ndipo Württemberg ndi Palatinate (Achilutera). Pamaso nkhani zikuluzikulu, limene lalembedwa Mtendere wa Augsburg, komanso panali msonkhano wa akulu a Hesse, Saxony ndi Brandenburg. Iwo anali atagwirizana malo, amene ankachitika mfumu. Pa nthawi yomweyo Charles V, anakana kuchita nawo zokambirana za. Iye sanafune asintha kwa Achiprotestanti ndi wotsutsana ndi akalonga. Choncho, mfumu anapatsa mphamvu m'bale wake Ferdinand. Panthawi imeneyi, Carl anali mu chuma chake Spanish (banja lolamulira la Habsburg ankalamulira madera akuluakulu ku Ulaya).

Msonkhano wa Reichstag

Pomaliza, 5 February 1555 Augsburg ndinkakhala nalo ndi Reichstag wa Ufumu, kumene anakumana akunjoya ndi maphwando kuti mkangano. Ferdinand ndinali pa tcheyamani iye. nkhani adamangidwa curiae angapo mu kufanana. Mzake payokha anavomera electors, akalonga ndi mizinda ufulu. Pomaliza, mu September, Mtendere wa Augsburg yosainidwa ndi Ferdinand pa zinthu zimene panali ambiri Achiprotestanti zokambirana. Izi sanadzikondweretsa Mfumu Charles. Koma chifukwa sakanatha upandu ndondomeko, kuyamba nkhondo, anaganiza amatula pansi kwa masiku angapo pamaso kusaina mgwirizano. Kutsiliza Augsburg dziko unachitikira September 25, 1555.

Terms ndi mtengo wa Augsburg World

Miyezi ingapo nthumwi adapangana kuti zinthu alembedwa mu mpukutuwu. Mtendere wa Augsburg amagwira ntchito mu Lutheran udindo boma mu ufumuwo. Komabe, ameneŵa ali otetezedwa kwambiri.

Kusonyeza mfundo za ufulu wa chipembedzo. Limagwirira ntchito otchedwa boma lachifumu, zimene zinaphatikizapo anthu mwayi wa anthu: akalonga, Electors, Imperial Knights ndi okhalamo m'midzi ufulu. Komabe, ufulu wachipembedzo sanali bwanji anthu Feudatories ndi chuma chawo. Choncho, mu Ufumu iye anapambana mfundo "m'dziko, ndi chikhulupiriro." Ngati kalonga akhafunadi kuleka kwa Lutheran, iye akanakhoza kumachita izo, koma n'zosatheka Mwachitsanzo, anthu wamba amene anali m'dziko lake. Komabe, Mtendere wa Augsburg analola amakhumudwa wolamulira kusankha amasamukira kumadera ena a ufumuwo, pamene chikhulupiriro wololera wakhazikitsidwa.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, Akatolika anapanga zokambirana pa mbali ya Achilutera. Kutsiliza Augsburg dziko kwachititsa chakuti abbots ndi mabishopu amene zopita ku Chiprotestanti, opanda mphamvu zake. Choncho Akatolika anatha kusunga m'mayiko onse mpingo awoawo isanafike msonkhano wa Reichstag.

Monga mukuonera, phindu la dziko Augsburg anali zoopsa. Kwa nthawi yoyamba magulu omenyanawa anakwanitsa kuthetsa mikangano kudzera kukambirana, osati nkhondo. Komanso anagwidwa magulu andale a Woyera wa Chiroma.