M'zigawo za mafuta mu dziko. kupanga mafuta mu dziko (onani gome)

Ngati utsi ena malasha, mafuta - dona ndi olemekezeka kwambiri zaka. Oyambirira madipoziti groundnut mafuta, malinga ndi asayansi, pali anali zaka 600 miliyoni zapitazo. Ndiye nyanja anali zambiri zamakono ndi zisumbu zina munali ndi madzi, kuphatikizapo dera m'mayiko mafuta opangidwa mu nthawi yathu.

anachita pamene mafuta?

Mu nyanja, kamodzi Povunduka moyo wa zomera ndi nyama zambiri, zotsalira za mazana a zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, Amira pansi. Pamodzi ndi zigawo za dziko lapansi iwo analenga mosungiramo, choyenera kwambiri. Mu kanthu za mavuto aakulu panali azilandira ndondomeko metamorphosis wa zatsalira organic mu m'malovu mafuta. Kuthamanga chinali champhamvu kwambiri moti m'madera ena, makamaka ndi dongosolo porous zigawo chapamwamba nthaka, m'malovu izi kunabuka ndi pang'onopang'ono kulenga oilfield. Kudzera zigawo a mchenga ndi mafuta laimu inayambika, koma zigawo miyala nthawi zambiri anakumana ndi njira zake, iye anagwera mu msampha, imene cavities onse ndi zamkati ndizodzazidwa ndi madzi. Tsopano yopanga wakuda golide mu dziko akuyesera kubowola kudutsa mu cavities zikuluzikulu wodzazidwa.

Kodi minda mafuta?

mafuta madipoziti ikulu, monga Middle East, kugona pansi pa miyala ikuluikulu mzikiti, kumene mafuta kusungidwa. Madipoziti pa Ulaya ndi yaikulu mchere domes, amene aithamangitse mwala slabs chachikulu mpaka pamapeto pake anapanga mafuta chimadzaza patsekeke.

mafuta

Dziko monga tidziwa, zikanakhala zosiyana kwambiri Ngati sikudali kwa mafuta. Ndikovuta kulingalira zinthu angati tsiku ndi tsiku adalenga mmenemo. Kupanga ulusi amene amapanga zovala, pulasitiki zonse ntchito m'banja ndi mafakitale, mankhwala, zodzoladzola - onsewa kulengedwa kuchokera mafuta.

Pafupifupi theka la mphamvu chimadyedwa ndi anthu, amapangidwa mafuta groundnut. Ukupsereza injini ndege, komanso pafupifupi onse magalimoto mu dziko. Mafuta komanso anatentha kubala magetsi. The magetsi opangidwa ikuyenda makina ndipo ndi maziko a moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku mu dziko otukuka.

Miyala ya golide wakuda

The Middle East, makamaka m'mayiko Arab ndi Iran akukumana pafupifupi theka la zofuna mafuta dziko. madipoziti mafuta yambiri kukhalapo mu Russia, ndi United States, Africa Mwachitsanzo, mu Nigeria, komanso North America. Anapeza munda waukulu ndipo mu malo ena, koma chitukuko ndi zamtengo wapatali ndi limodzi mwa mavuto luso.

kupanga mafuta mu dziko linayamba mu United States. Gwero woyamba wa mafuta anapeza mu US mu 1859. Mafuta kugwedezeka zonse ku akuya mamita 21. pobowola njira panthawi imeneyo linali losavuta kwambiri: mtengo pobowola nsanja anali anapachikidwa katundu chisel, amene nthawi zonse inaonongeka noisily pansi ndi kuthyola miyala. Choyamba zikawonongeka pobowola nsanja inamangidwa mu 1900 pa gombe la California.

Latsopano kupanga mafuta mu dziko sakuona pansi zipululu kapena m'madambo, pansi pansi pa nyanja kapena mmagawo ayezi Antarctic, chifukwa mtunda ndi zovuta kuzindikira zimene zili pansi mu matumbo a dziko lapansi. Choncho, ntchito yofunafuna madera atsopano mafuta ndi yovuta kwambiri ndipo amafuna yaikulu ndalama.

A makonzedwe ndi kupanga golide wakuda

M'zigawo za mafuta ku dziko - ndondomeko si wopandamalire. Kuchokera pa ziwerengero alipo, mlingo panopa kupanga dziko Geological ake nkhokwe lidzakhalapo kwa zaka zosachepera 46, kuphatikizapo Saudi Arabia - zaka 72, Iran - 88, Iraq - 128, Venezuela - 234, Libya - 77 Kuwait - 111, United Arab Emirates - 94, Russia - 21, China - 10, USA - zaka 11.

M'zigawo za mafuta mu dziko (Table limasonyeza kuti) amakhala ndi pamwamba 10 la mayiko odziwa.

mafuta kupanga dziko pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana osiyana kwambiri. Ganizirani mbiri ya dziko, wamkulu wolemera kwa golidi wakuda.

Saudi Arabia

mtsogoleri Saudi Arabia, kupanga ake mafuta mu dziko, tebulo akutitsimikizira nkhani imeneyi, iye anapanga mkhalidwe wake olemera kwambiri. Pamaso 1938, ufumu wamng'ono pansi pa dzina la Saudi Arabia anali mmodzi wa mayiko osauka mu dziko. Mu 1938, buku yaikulu chuma mafuta anali inapezeka Saudi Arabia. zinalengedwera alephera World nkhondo II ndi ntchito linayamba mu 1946, ndipo ndi 1949 TH mafuta makampani a dziko anachoka pa mlingo mkulu. Mafuta wakhala ndiwo viability ndi kutukuka kwa ufumu. zogulitsa kunja mafuta kuti Polemeretsedwa ufumu kwa madola mabiliyoni 310 mu 2008. makampani lonse zachokera makampani Saudi mafuta. Kutsimikiziridwa nkhokwe mafuta tsiku panopa m'dziko kuchuluka kwa biliyoni 260 mbiya ndipo ndi wofanana 24% ya nkhokwe kuwonedwa mu dziko. chiwerengerochi anapeza minda mafuta wakhala likunena kuwonjezeka. Panopa Saudi Arabia amaona kuti dziko wolemera kwambiri mu dziko.

Iran

The m'zigawo yachiwiri wakuda golide mu dziko ndi Republic Chisilamu la Iran. Iran - Dziko kuti amakhala kutali zogulitsa kunja mafuta. Ndi madera atsopano anapeza, dziko zina kwalimbitsa udindo wa chimphona mafuta. Posachedwapa ku Iran anatulukira malo yaikulu mafuta ndi nkhokwe migolo 15 biliyoni.

Kuwait

Pomaliza amapita ku Kuwait. Ndiyamika mafuta, boma ali wolemera kwambiri mu wolowa 70-80s anapanga dziko wolemera kwambiri mu dziko. Koma mu zaka 90 za vuto ndale wachititsa kusokoneza imports. Aku Iraq kuwukira pafupifupi ndalama dziko, anawononga chuma ngati kale. Koma m'zaka zaposachedwapa, boma mwamsanga abwelela mlingo wake wakale. Pa nthawi Kuwait anapeza mafuta munda olimba, biliyoni 102 mbiya, mlandu 9% ya nkhokwe okwana dziko. Home gawo, pafupifupi 95% ya revenues ku katundu wa mafuta ndi mafuta malonda.

Tiyeni m'tsogolo

Masiku ano, mafuta akulamulira kulikonse. No mawonekedwe ena sangathe koma m'malo monga gwero mphamvu. Pachaka kupanga mafuta mu dziko biliyoni 4.4 tonnes. Iwo limaneneratu kuti pa msinkhu panopa kumwa nkhokwe zake zidzakhalapo (a madipoziti kudziwika) mpaka 2025. Ngati buku la mafuta kupanga mu dziko kuchepetsedwa ndi adzatsegula magwero watsopano, mafuta groundnut mu kuya kwa dziko akhoza anatambasula kuti 150 - 1000 zaka. Ndi zazing'ono kwambiri padziko lonse. Nature ayenera pafupifupi mamiliyoni 200 zaka kulenga mchere izi, ndi m'badwo pano n'kuchisakaza nyengo miliyoni nthawi, ndiye khalidwe ngati pambuyo chitukuko anthu idzapita.

Pasanapite nthawi yaitali, anthu ayenera kusintha njira ya moyo, naweruzire magwero mafuta ndi wololera kapena kuyang'ana zina zina mphamvu. Monga akatswiri ambiri amaganiza, chithunzi m'tsogolo akhale: nkhokwe mafuta ntchito makamaka zipangizo makampani mankhwala yaiwisi makampani mapulasitiki, mankhwala ndi mankhwala ena apamwamba. Magalimoto, magalimoto, magalimoto kapena ndege kudzalimbikitsa chifukwa haidrojeni. Magetsi ndi mphamvu matenthedwe adzakhala yopangidwa kuchokera akatswiri zina zongowonjezwdwa monga mphepo, dzuwa ndi madzi. Tikhonza kusamalira zimene tili ndi kuyembekezera m'tsogolo.