Ndi kusiyana kwa nsomba zina cartilaginous chiyani? Maphunziro a nsomba cartilaginous: malongosoledwe Zitsanzo

Imodzi mwa nyama chidwi kwambiri m'madzi nsomba. Maphunziro a cartilaginous nsomba - Nsombayi ndi kunyezimira - asemphana kwambiri kwa mamembala ena a superclass izi.

superclass Pisces

Izi gulu la nyama chiri mwamtheradi zipangizo zonse kwa moyo womasuka mu madzi ndi mchere. Koposa zonse, mawonekedwe izi streamlined wa thupi, amene amalola kusuntha mosavuta. thupi lawo ali ndi mamba. Kumatetezera nsomba ku mikangano madzi komanso zimathandiza kuti glide mu izo. Khungu akumasula kwambiri wa ntchofu, monga chitetezo zina. Zipsepse - mtundu wa gudumu kumene kumatsimikizira amatha. A kupuma gill, kulola kuti apange mpweya ndi madzi potsiriza amasankha malo nyama.

Monga osakaniza wapadera mbali structural ndi nsomba. Maphunziro a nsomba cartilaginous ndi fupa - anthu osiyana zamoyo izi. Ngakhale malo wamba, ali mbali zonse zofanana ndi zosiyana za chamoyo.

Kapangidwe kunja nsomba

nsomba zonse, cartilaginous kalasi ya nsomba ndi fupa, ndi mbali yomweyo ya thupi. Ndi amodzi mutu, nthunthu ndi mchira. Ili patsogolo pa maso, pakamwa ndi mphuno.

thupi nsomba ali ndi mamba, amene ndilochokera tentha mthupi khungu mapangidwe. The limbikitsa-ndi zigawo zake, inu mosavuta kudziwa zaka za nyama. Zimenezi angayerekezedwe ndi mapangidwe mphete pachaka pa mtengo. Pambuyo mamba mabasi kukula mu yozizira, ndi tikupitiriza ndondomeko kuchokera kubera masika.

Ngati inu kupanga nsombazo kufotokoza, m'pofunika akusonyeza pamaso pa slits gill pa thupi nsombayo. Mapangidwe ndi chimodzimodzi ndi skates. Mosiyana nsomba ena amene makutu okutidwa ndi lids.

Kapangidwe mkati mwa nsomba

Onse thunthu udindo m'madzi moyo wa nyama.

mafupa onse a mafupa a amaphatikizidwa m'magulu 3: mutu, thupi ndi zipsepse. Chigaza ndi chitetezo chodalirika ubongo. Iwo wapangidwa ndi mafupa a chimakwirira gill ndi arcs. Vertebrae, wopangidwa mwa thupi, arcs kupanga njira imene chingwe msana ili. chipsyepsye mafupa lopangidwa ndi matabwa, limodzi ndi minofu, chifukwa mu kayendedwe ka zipsepse ndi.

Onse nsomba chichereŵechereŵe kuphatikizapo, ndi dongosolo ofanana a dongosolo m'mimba. Iwo ukufanizidwa ndi pakamwa kutsegula, ndi oropharyngeal M'mimbamo, kum'mero, m'mimba ndi intestine. M'matumbo nsomba cartilaginous itha chotulukira, mu fupa - pa cloaca. M'mimba zopangitsa - kapamba ndi chiwindi - secrete michere awo mu ducts za m'mimba yaing'ono.

Ziwalo anapereka impso Kugawilidwa kwanthaka - wophatikizidwa riboni-monga matupi amene mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya kudziunjikira, zikubweretsa kunja kupyolera ureters lapansi.

Kupuma ntchito makutu nsomba, okhoza kumasula mpweya ndi madzi. Iwo zigwirizana arcs ndipo pamakhala. Nsomba Bony kayendedwe kupuma akutsatiridwa ndi thandizo la gill chimakwirira. Mu cartilaginous inhalation kutsegula kwa kunja mipata - 6-7 zidutswa mbali iliyonse.

Mu gulu osowa nyama za m'madzi - lungfish - makutu koma pali kuwala owonjezera. Koma zapamtunda iwo sangathe. Mosavuta zikugwirizana kholingo, ndikulora iwo kuti akhalemo madzi zili otsika mpweya.

Mitsempha ya magazi ukufanizidwa ndi mtima awiri chipinda ndi dongosolo mtima kutsekedwa. nsomba zonse mwankhanzaku nyama. Izi zikutanthauza kuti thupi kutentha timadalira pa chilengedwe.

Mantha dongosolo tichipeza ubongo ndi msana. Mu oyamba tingaone makamaka chitukuko cha cerebellum, amene amasankha kuyenda zovuta za nsomba.

maso nsomba kuwalola kusiyanitsa okha maphunziro a zinthu pa osiyanasiyana pafupi. A mbali yaikulu ndi ankasewera mwa lateral mzere tanthauzo ziwalo za nsomba, limene kuzindikira Phokoso la madzi ndi mathamangidwe ake.

nsomba Bony

Ndi iwo amene amaimira ambiri nyama za m'madzi. Bony nsomba yodziwika ndi mbali zinayi zikuluzikulu:

• mafupa;
• kukhalapo kwa chikhodzodzo kusambira;
• gill chivundikiro;
• chikopa ndi zophimbidwa ndi mamba.

Swimbladder akuimira kum'mero outgrowth ndi makoma woonda wodzazidwa ndi mpweya. Zikomo pamaso chiwerengero wake wa amachepetsa nsomba. Izi zimathandiza adzasungidwe mu madzi mosavuta. Komanso, pamene mpweya akusowa mu madzi ake buku zina zimatha kudutsa kuchokera kusambira chikhodzodzo kwa magazi.

Zizindikiro za nsomba cartilaginous

Koma gulu la nyama M'malo mwake, ali cartilaginous mafupa ndi gill slits m'malo chimakwirira. nsomba Cartilaginous alibe chikhodzodzo kusambira. Kudziwa njira ya moyo ndi malo okhala. Choncho, otsetsereka ndi pafupi pansi pa moyo, ndipo nsombazo nthawi zonse zoyenda.

chidwi kwambiri ndi zamoyo awo. nsomba Cartilaginous, mosiyana ndi fupa, osati zophimbidwa ndi mamba. Iwo lili thupi la mizere awo ndi kupanga zinthu olimba - dentin. Kunja, mamba ndi cartilaginous nsomba akufanana mano.

cartilaginous nsomba chiyani? Kwenikweni nyama. Choncho, mano imakonzedwa mizere angapo. Nsombayi musati kutafuna chakudya. Iwo kudzawatenga nyamazo, kuichotsa ndi kumeza lonse.

Pectorals nsomba cartilaginous zili mu ndege yopingasa. Choncho, kayendedwe madzi amafanana kuuluka mbalame.

ogwirira lowopsya

Kufotokozera chifukwa nsombazi mantha aliyense, ngakhale munthu wolimba mtima. Ndipo amene anapulumuka atakumana ndi chilombo, ndi chodziwikiratu kuti akufuna kuzikumbukira. Imeneyi si ngozi.

Nsombayi ndi illegible kwathunthu mu chakudya. Ndipo ngakhale kuti ena a iwo monga kudya zomera, ambiri amakonda chakudya zikuluzikulu.

Taxonomists pafupifupi 250 mitundu ya nsombazo. Koma lalikulu ndi loopsa kwambiri kwa iwo ndi chinsomba ndi chigulu kutalika kwa thupi angafikire mamita 15.

Ngati ambiri a nsomba yodziwika ndi umuna kunja, mitundu ina kwa nsombazo ndi ovoviviparous. Caviar anapitiriza mu thupi la mkazi, ndipo pambuyo umuna mkati kukula achinyamata payekha mkazi ali yotheka kwathunthu.

stingrays

Koyamba, izi chete benthic oimira cartilaginous nsomba angabweretse palibe kuopseza anthu ena. Koma cheza ndi zilombo zolusa, preying pa molluscs, echinoderms ndiponso nkhanu.

Mu chikhalidwe, ndi ambiri stingray, koma mitundu madzi komanso kulibe. Pakati pa mtundu wa kuwala - stingray, magetsi, manta, yosalala.

maonekedwe awo sangakhoze kulephera kukhomereza. flattened thupi dorsoventrally. Zipsepse zinaphatikizidwa ndi Iye, ndi kuti n'chakuti dzina la gulu la nyama, kutanthauza "Cape".

Thupi kukula ndi chidwi. Mwachitsanzo, m'litali mwa nyanja-devil (chofunda) Kodi upambana mamita 6, wingspan - kuti 3. Ndipo iwo amatha kulemera tonnes monga mmene 2.

Chidwi n'chakuti cheza ndi kuwuluka. Osati ngati mbalame, kumene. Koma, kudumpha madzi mamita 1.5, kulenga zimenezi.

kutanthauza elasmobranchs

ntchito anthu zatenga malo apadera a nsomba. Maphunziro a nsomba cartilaginous si kuopseza. Chikopa ya nsombazi anapanga matumba ndi m'zikwama. nyama nazo wapatali nutritive katundu, mafuta ndi gwero la mavitamini ndi mme- zinthu.

Stingray ndi chinthu malonda. Koma ambiri a iwo ndi owopsa kwa anthu. hvostokolov amadza kungasokoneze, ndipo magetsi ray kukhudzana - kutilepheretsa.

nsomba Cartilaginous ndi nthumwi zodabwitsa za nyama zamoyo mbali yofunika kutchukitsa unyolo chakudya ndipo phunziro la kuswana yokumba.