Ndi maiko ati amene anapita ku Marco Polo paulendo wawo ku Asia?

Marco Polo ndi woyenda wotchuka wa Middle Ages. Iye akufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za "Bukhu la Zozizwitsa za Padziko Lonse", zomwe zinakhala zofunikira kwambiri za chidziwitso cha malo m'masiku amenewo. Ndi maiko ati amene anapita ku Marco Polo? Mudzaphunziranso izi kuchokera m'nkhani yathu.

Marco Polo: mwachidule mbiri

Buku lonse lofanana la "Wonders of the World" timapeza mfundo zakuya zokhudza biography. Amakabadwira ndipo amwalira, ndi mayiko ati omwe anachezera Marco Polo komanso pamene ulendo wake woyamba unayamba, Giovanni Ramucio yemwe anali munthu waumunthu ndiye woyamba kuyankha mafunso onsewa. M'zaka za m'ma 1600, adalemba mwatsatanetsatane mbiri ya woyenda komanso wolemba Italy.

Zaka pafupifupi zaka za moyo wa Marco Polo: 1254-1324. Iye anabadwira ku Venice kapena, malinga ndi malingaliro ena, pachilumba cha Korcula (m'chigawo cha Croatia). Tsogolo lake linakonzeratu pasadakhale, chifukwa abambo a Marco anali amalonda, ndipo anali otchuka kwambiri. Choncho, mwanayo amatsatira mapazi a kholo lake. Pa ulendo wake woyamba, adakali ndi zaka 6. Cholinga cha ulendo umenewu chinali mudzi wa Sudak ku Crimea.

Zimadziwikanso kuti wamalondayo anakhala zaka ziwiri ali mu ukapolo ndi a Genoese. Kumeneku kunali kulembedwa mwatsatanetsatane za mayiko omwe Marco Polo anachezera m'moyo wake. Komabe, anthu a m'nthaŵi yake sankachita chidwi kwambiri ndi bukuli.

Marco Polo anali amalonda olemera kwambiri ku Venetian. Pa malo otsetsereka a zaka anthu am'deralo adamutcha kuti Millionaire. Woyendayenda wodabwitsa anamwalira mu 1324. Iye anaikidwa m'manda, makamaka ku Venice, mu tchalitchi cha San Lorenzio.

Ndi maiko ati omwe anachezera Marco Polo paulendo wawo ku Asia

Ulendo waukulu wa wamalonda wa Venetian unayamba mu 1271. Pa nthawiyo anali ndi zaka 17 zokha. Marco Polo anapita ulendo ndi bambo ake ndi amalume ake.

Ndi maiko ati omwe anapita ku Marco Polo paulendowu? Yankho la funso ili si lophweka. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale abwezeretsa njira ya ulendo umenewu pokhapokha. Choncho banja la Polo linapita ku China kudzera ku Mesopotamia, Pamir ndi Mongolia. Ali panjira, adayendera Iran, Ceylon, India ndi Sumatra. Ngakhale zili m'buku la Marco zomwe zimatchulidwa komanso zosayembekezereka zimatchula: mwachitsanzo, Japan, chilumba cha Madagascar komanso Brazil!

Mu 1275 banja la Polo linafika ku China. M'chaka chomwecho, anafika mumzinda wa Shandu, womwe unkakhala ku Khan Khubilai. Ku China, Marco Polo anakhala zaka pafupifupi 17. Anatumikira monga bwanamkubwa wa Yangzhou nthawi imodzi.

Banja linachoka ku China kokha mu 1291. Ku Venice, adabwerera ndi mphatso zambiri komanso chuma. Motero, ulendo wa Marco Polo kupita ku Asia unatenga zaka zoposa 20. Panthawiyi, anaphimba makilomita 24,000.

"Buku la Wonders of the World"

Ntchitoyi yapulumuka m'mbiri yake yokha 57 malemba. Linasindikizidwa m'zinenero zisanu ndi zinayi za ku Ulaya! Ngakhale amakhulupirira kuti ntchito yoyambirira inalembedwa mu Chifalansa.

"Buku la Wonders of the World" limaphatikizapo mitu inayi, yomwe iliyonse imaperekedwa ku mayiko kapena zochitika:

1. Central Asia ndi Middle East.
2. China.
3. India, Japan, Ceylon, komanso madera akummawa a Africa.
4. Gawoli limafotokoza za nkhondo za a Mongol ndi oyandikana nawo chakumpoto.

Buku la Marco Polo linalembedwanso ndipo linakonzedwa nthawi zambiri, zidutswa zatsopano zalembazo zinawonjezeredwa.

Kodi panali ulendo?

Ofufuza ambiri amakayikira kuti: Kodi Marco Polo anali ku Far East kwenikweni? Pa nkhani iyi, Francis Wood mu 1995, adatulutsanso buku lotchedwa: "Kodi Marco Polo anapita ku China?" M'menemo, wofufuzirayo akuganiza kuti wogulitsayo sanali kummawa kwa Levant. Ndiponsotu, sakanatha bwanji kulemba ndi kulemba mu ntchito yake zokhudzana ndi zinthu monga matabwa a matabwa, kapena chikondi chotengeka cha kumwa mowa.

Poyambirira, kumbuyo kwa 1966, Herbert Franke m'nkhani yake adanena kuti "Bukhu la Zozizwitsa za Padziko Lonse" ndilochabechabe machaputala angapo a buku la Arabic Encyclopedia. Koma ku Far East, malinga ndi sayansi ya ku Germany, Marco Polo sanapezepo konse.

Koma, mwinamwake, Marco Polo akadakayendera China. Malamulo a buku lino afotokoza zambiri zomwe zili m'bukuli mwa zifukwa ziwiri: choyamba ndikutanthauzira, ndipo chachiwiri ndizo malingaliro ambiri a alembi ogwira ntchito. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mfundo yodziwika bwino ya "foni yowonongeka" idasewera mbali yake pano.

Marco Polo mwatsatanetsatane amalowa m'mbiri ya zochitika za padziko lapansi. Dzina la woyendayenda ndi nyenyezi, mbalame yamagetsi, gulugufe ndi mlatho ku China, omwe amati amawonekera ndi Marco paulendo wake wopita kummawa.

Kutsiliza

Chomwe chimatchedwa "Book of Wonders of the World," cholembedwa ndi mlendo wa Venetian Marco Polo, chakhala chitsimikizo chofunikira cha chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages. Ndipotu uwu unali ntchito yoyamba yomwe inauza anthu a ku Ulaya kummawa kwachinsinsi ndi kutali.

Tsopano mukudziwa maiko omwe Marco Polo adayendera paulendo wake. China, Pamir, Tibet, Mesopotamia, Kashariya, Ceylon, Sumatra ndi Iran.