Ndi Sarmatians ndi zimene anali kuchita ndi ndani?

Sarmatians - gulu la mafuko aku Iran kuti anakubwera steppes lamakono Ukraine, Russia ndi Kazakhstan mu masiku amakedzana. anthu awa anaonekera mu BC VI atumwi. e., ndipo mu BC IV atumwi. e. pafupifupi mbisoweka sadzakhalakonso pambuyo nkhondo ya Huns. Iwo anali m'magulu angapo: Iazyges, Alans ndi Roxolani.

Sarmatians Certificate

Mfundo zonse zolembedwa za Sarmatians anakhalabe mu buku chachinayi, "History", olembedwa akale Greek Herodotus. , Iye anafotokoza Scythia dziko ili kumpoto kwa Nyanja Black kumene Agiriki anaika madera akutali kwambiri, kuphatikizapo Olbia. Herodotus kufotokoza amene Sarmatians, anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "Sauromats". Mu "History" likuti iwo anakhala Tanais (ie Don) m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Azov.

More ofufuza posachedwapa ndayesera funsolo, ndi ndani Sarmatians ndipo achokera izi wongosamukasamuka. Lero, akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti kumudzi kwa steppe anali Yuzhnyy Ural. kuwonjezeka awo anayamba mu theka lachiwiri 2 Millennium BC. e. chifukwa iye anali zikamera wa mtundu watsopano wa asilikali - wokwera oponya mivi. Pambuyo lophunzira ndi wongosamukasamuka kuwombera anakhala zoopsa tsoka anansi ake.

anthu wosakhazikika

Steppe zonse kumenyana wina ndi mzake. Chifukwa cha kugunda, monga ulamuliro, ndi njala kapena yolimbirana msipu watsopano. chiphunzitso anafotokoza yankhondo yosatha amene ali Sarmatians. Anthu amene anabadwa m'chigawo Ural pang'onopang'ono analowera chakumadzulo pansi kuthamanga kwa aukali anansi Asian. Pa malo atsopano wongosamukasamuka anadikira lambiri ndiponso ufulu m'mphepete mwa mpikisano.

Misa anthu ochokera mobwerezabwereza ngati njira Eurasian zaka zikwi zingapo. ndi Sarmatians ndi ndani? Mwachidule, uwu ndi funde wina wa kusamuka kwa anthu koteroko. likuwayenera inali yofanana ndi ya akapolo anzawo akale ndi Amlowam'malo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, wongosamukasamuka anasowa mwa oyandikana anthu amangokhala ndi imfa ya identichnot katundu. N'chifukwa chake lero Sarmatians - miyamboyi nthaŵi yaitali mbiri chodabwitsa chilichonse chimene anapulumuka yekha otalikirana zambiri ndi kufuna kufufuza zinthu zakale.

mbali fuko

Chifaniziro cha steppe wakale m'njira zambiri kudziwika kwa ife Zimene ethnographic. ndi Sarmatians ndi amene makolo awo ndi ndani? Amachokera kwa anthu kamodzi wamba m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Pang'onopang'ono, ku dera lino anasankha aku Iran olankhula gulu anapanga nthambi ya kumpoto Msukuti mkati. Kwa mwiniwake Sarmatians. Zochokera kumwamba, n'zotheka kufotokoza malo wotanganidwa ndi Sarmatians mu mapu fuko la Europe ndi ku Asia. achibale awo wapafupi ndi Asikuti. Ena oyandikana m'mayiko a European wongosamukasamuka anali Cimmerians.

Sarmatians konse munamutcha mtundu umodzi. Iwo anali ogaŵikana mafuko angapo. maina awo amadziwika makedzana pamene maina steppe ouziridwa mantha ndi mantha mu mtendere anakakhala anansi. Ife Sarmatians analibe chinenero, ndi azambiriyakale mulibe umboni weniweni, koma ndi chikhulupiriro kuti fuko lililonse anali chilankhulo chake.

maphunziro zinenero athandiza kuthandauza nthawi ndi tsogolo la steppe anthu. Kudzera kusanthula zinenero zosiyanasiyana amatha kupeza Sarmatians ndi amene muli ana awo. Tikuyankhula zokhudza Ossetians ano. Anthu awa anabwera kwa gulu la Sarmatian, amene anatha kusunga chizindikiro chawo, popeza anasamukira ku Caucasus. chikhalidwe chawo lidakalipobe ndipo unasinthika pamene mafuko ofanana otsala mu steppes bwino anali mwina nagonjetsa kapena kusungunuka mwa anansi. Nkhonyayo omaliza Sarmatian izi chochuluka anagwidwa m'zaka IV ndi Huns. Latsopano Oriental khamu anafika ku Ulaya, osati zinawonongedwa ndi steppe lakale, koma anakanthanso kwambiri Ufumu wa Roma, kenako anakomoka.

Iazyges

Ambiri Western mafuko Sarmatian anali Iazyges. Iwo ankakhala ku malire m'munsi mwa Dnieper, kumene iwo anali m'mudzimo kuchokera kum'mawa Black Sea dera pambuyo kubwera kwa Roxolani. anansi ena Iazyges anali mafuko osiyanasiyana Gati, kuphatikizapo Dniester tyragetae. Iwo m'mphepete pa La Tene chikhalidwe Bastarnae. Ena Iazyges gawo pa resettlement wake anafika Danube Delta. Pali Sarmats anagwirizana ndi Ponto, kenako akulamulira lodziwika bwino Evpatr Mithridates, ndi kuyamba kumenyana Rome. Poyankha, magulu a mu zaka 78-76. BC. e. ankachitika mndandanda wa Maulendo Chilango m'mayiko kumpoto kwa Danube, kumene wongosamukasamuka moyo.

Mu zoyambirira za BC Ine atumwi. e. msinkhu wake anafika Dacian ufumu ili wamakono Romania. Ndi ichi, pamodzi ndi Aroma adaletsa zina Iazyges kukula. Ndi zambiri zotsutsana ndi anansi okha, Sarmatians potsiriza anasiya gulu lake chakumadzulo.

Roksolany

Monga taonera, Roksolany Iazyges kuponda pa chidendene, motero kukakamiza kuwauza kuti ayende kumadzulo. Zinali fuko lina Sarmatian amene ankakhala kumpoto kwa Tanais (Don). Analowa mu mgwirizano ndi Crimea Asukuti iwo anagonjetsa kumpoto Black Sea dera lonse. Roxolani ntongi akhali mmodzi mwa anthu ochepa odziwika bwino zedi Sarmatian mafumu Gata. Iye anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa chakuti anayamba kulanda Crimea Asukuti Sarmatians kale anakhalabe anagwirizana Relations. Kusankha adani latsopano, Gata anathandiza anthu Greek wa Kherson. doko anavutika kwambiri pa chitetezo Msukuti ndi Sarmatian asankha. Gata dzina otchulidwa chikalata Greek zaka 179 BC. e., limene anavomera kukhala guarantor cha pangano pakati pa Ponte ndi Kherson.

sayansi yamakono amadziwa dzina la mfumu ina Roxolani. Mtsogoleri Tazy (udzaya- mba) adzalamulira m'ma 110 BC. e., pamene Sarmatians anasintha malamulo ake, mu mgwirizano ndi Asikuti ndi ufumu Bosporus. Army molamulidwa ndi mkulu Difanta anagonjetsa wongosamukasamuka. Za nkhondo mu zolemba zake, wolemba mbiri wotchuka Strabo lipoti.

Mu pakati pa BC Ine atumwi. e. Iwo anayamba yosamutsa Roxolani, opepuka kuchepa Bastarnae. Linasamuka mu steppe kumadzulo kwa Dnieper Mtsinje, kachiwiri chimakankhira Iazyges zimakhalira pachibale ndi mayiko awo. Nayenso roksolonam anayenera abwerere pozunzidwa mwankhanza wa Aorses ndi Alans. Chifukwa cha Sarmatians izi anakhazikika m'chigawo pakati pa Danube Delta ndi Dnieper. Ena magulu ngakhale anafika Carpathian Mapiri. Part Roxolani anatembenukira kum'mwera, kuima mu Wallachia. Apa akuluakulu kunja wongosamukasamuka anakhala malire a Roma. Mu mavuto gulu la Sarmatian ndi malo mwachizolowezi momwe mulinso Dacians. Macitidwe Aroma amatchula choncho pamene mu '62 zikwi asilikali atalanda anansi kumpoto m'chigawo ufumu wa Moesia. Izi Dacians, Roxolans anazunzidwa, kenako chilolezo kukhazikika mkati mwa ulamuliro wa Chiroma. Sarmatians, wosanyengereredwa kugwila Roma, koma mowirikiza ankavutitsidwa ndi kuukira awo choopsa.

Economy ndi njira ya moyo

About amene Sarmatians, conveniently adzaweruzidwa ndi kuyang'ana pa famu awo. Anthu amenewa ankakhala steppes, ndipo ankakhala moyo wosamukasamuka. Maziko a zachuma Sarmatian anali ng'ombe kuswana. Agriculture ndi pano, koma kotereku, makamaka pafupi ndi mitsinje yaikulu.

Cimmerians, Asukuti Sarmatians - anthu onsewa kuti moyo wawo unali wofanana ndi mzake. M'malo nyumba iwo anali matenti ndi ngolo. Chakudya inkakhala nyama ndi mkaka, amene anapereka ng'ombe lalikulu. Popular mbale anali kavalo nyama. Njira ya migrations nyengo - mfundo ina kuti limasonyeza amene Sarmatians. Mbiri ya steppes a Ukraine, Russia ndi Kazakhstan chikugwirizana ndi anthu a malo ambiri ofukula zinthu zakale. Chilimwe Sarmatians anakhala pa zigwa ndiponso m'nyengo yozizira kusuntha kwa gombe la nyanja Azov. zovala zawo lililonse zinali za nsapato zofewa chikopa, mathalauza, ndipo anamva zipewa.

mwambo asilikali

Ngati wina aliyense woyendayendawu Sarmatians sankaimira moyo popanda akavalo. Nyama zimenezi zathandiza osati pa munda, koma zinali zofunika mu nkhondo. Amuna kuphunzitsa anyamata kukwera pa zaka zochepa kwambiri. Kwa iwo onse wamkulu ankhondo aluso ndi Hardy. Zimenezi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi chakuti m'manda ana ambiri, akatswiri anapeza chida. Asilikali miyambo steppe ndi zikutsatiridwa kwa nthawi yaitali.

ndi Sarmatians monga mmene asilikali ndani? nkhokwe zawo inkakhala ndi yokhota kumapeto lalifupi uta ndi mivi yotuluka m'kachikwama odzaza mivi, chitsulo lupanga, lotchedwa akinak. Pasanathe ambiri ntchito pikes, mikondo ndi nkhwangwa nkhondo. Komanso, pali umboni wa olemba mbiri yakale za kutchuka kwa wongosamukasamuka gulaye ndi lasso. Zida m'gulu zipewa ndi zida Bovine rawhide ndi kuluka zishango.

Cimmerians, Asukuti Sarmatians ndi anthu ena akale steppe ntchito makani machenjerero omwewo. kumuukira anali kuukira kwa gulu lalikulu la asilikali okwera pamahatchi pa gallop zonse anali akupha mdani ndi muvi. ankhondo makamaka aluso anali Roksolana. Sarmats Malupanga osiyana chimphona kukula. Iwo akanatha kusunga manja awiri okha.

anthu

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndipo geographers, amene anayesa mungafotokoze omwe Sarmatians, anafotokoza kuti anthu amenewa sanali bungwe la ukapolo. anthu onse anali ndi ufulu. atsogoleri steppe ndi osankhidwa ankhondo ambiri titchuke. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe mpukutu wa magwero a sayansi yamakono amadziŵa maina a angapo a mafumu awa.

wapamwamba anthu Sarmatian, limene lili olamulira pamwamba, sanali yofanana. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi n'chodabwitsa anapeza zinthu zakale. Manda - gwero kupambana kwa kudziwa za amene Sarmatians komanso komwe ankakhala. Kumayambiriro Sarmatian n'chodabwitsa manda anali osauka ndipo yunifolomu. Komabe, pa mapeto a BC V atumwi. e. panali manda wolemera amene m'manda pamodzi ndi munthu wa golide ndi zapamwamba ena. Chonchi amapeza akatswiri kusonyeza pang'onopang'ono stratification anthu ambiri Sarmatians. Manda a mafuko apamwamba ndi ndinasintha wosiyana alipidwa, kutanthauza kuti ngakhale woyendayendawu nkhanza kenaka osankhika yake.

Akazi ndi Chipembedzo

zambiri makamaka chidwi kuti olemba Greek yatsala akazi Sarmatian. Choncho, Herodotus anawayerekezera ndi Amazons lapansi. nomad Female ankasakidwa pa mahatchi ndiponso ngakhale nawo nkhondo ngati anthu. Komanso, amadziwika kuti yofunika kwambiri anthu ankaimba Sarmatian wansembe wosanjikiza. Steppe okhala anali achikunja, adamlambira moto ndi dzuwa. Pa chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino, mwa iwo latsopano Zoroastrian mpatuko kufalikira.

Sarmatians anakhulupirira moyo pambuyo pa imfa, ndipo motero anali kwambiri mipingu anthuwo maliro. Ena inakhazikitsidwa mchikakamizo cha animism ndi kulambira nyama. kudziwa ichi asayansi amakono za Stepnyak kupitiriza yothandiza ndi kusintha ngati amapeza latsopano ofukula zinthu zakale. Funso ndani Sarmatians, ndi chimene iwo anachita, kutali kuti kutsekedwa. Akatswiri ndipo tsopano kupitiriza mudziwe chidwi za anthu akale a steppes la Kazakhstan, Russia ndi Ukraine.

Alana

anthu sarmatian mwina Alani vertex amatchedwa kuti nthawi ya malemu I-IV CC. Pa chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino anafika ku steppes kum'mawa kwa nyanja ya Azov ndi Caucasus. Mu zaka 73-74. Alans anayesayesa kugonjetsa Aparti n'kuloŵerera izo, kupita kutali pamodzi kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Caspian. Mu 123, ndi wongosamukasamuka anaukira kale mu malo Roma. kuwukira achitazo zakhudzira kumpoto kum'mawa Asian zigawo za ufumuwo. Izi Sarmatian nthawi anathyola mkulu Flavius Arrian. Mu 133, ndi kuukira anali mobwerezabwereza. Alans atalanda dera la Armenia zamakono Azerbaijan.

Zikamera wa Sarmatians latsopano steppes kum'mawa kwa Ulaya chifukwa cha funde lina la akonzedwa Kusamuka kwa mafuko. Anthu aku Iran Akuthawa ku steppes Asian, kamodzi pa njira yoopsa Huns. Mu IV m'ma chifukwa iwo anali Wamkulu Ataliatali, zakhudza osati Alans, komanso ambiri mafuko ena, kuphatikizapo gulu German.

Pambuyo isanayambike wa Huns ambiri Alans kusungunuka pakati pawo ndi zina Turkey (Khazars, Volga Bulgars, Utigurs). Ena mwa Sichanzeru Sarmatians anakakhala ku Caucasus. ana awo amakono - ndi Ossetians, amene chinenero chinali chilankhulidwe wotsiriza mwanjira chikugwirizana ndi woyamba ambiri Sarmatian gulu.

Ena Alans asezare m'madera akumidzi ku Central Caucasus, kumene woyamba inathetsedwa ndi akuluakulu a Koban chikhalidwe zofukula m'mabwinja za Iron Age. Mu VI m'ma iwo anapulumukira nkhondo ya Altai Turkey ndi ngozi. Pafupifupi 650 zaka Alans anali vassalage ku Khazar Khanate. M'malo mwa dera lalikulu pakati Dagestan ndi Kuban anatcha dzina lake. Alan akalonga okwatira ndi mafumu akulamulira la Georgia. Sarmatian boma mu Caucasus, panali zaka zochepa kwambiri. Alans mbiri unatha nkhondo Mongol m'zaka XIII. Kuyambira pamenepo, dzina lawo sapezeka m'masiku akale.