Perestroika mu USSR 1985-1991: kufotokoza, amachititsa ndi zotsatira

Perestroika (1985-1991) ku Soviet Union kunali chodabwitsa zikuluzikulu mu ndale, chuma ndi chikhalidwe moyo wa boma. Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti khalidwe lake linali Pofuna kuteteza kugwa kwa dziko, pamene ena amaganiza kuti anakankhira Union kugwa. Tiyeni tipeze chimene chinali kukonzanso wa USSR (1985-1991). Mwachidule kuyesa kufotokoza zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira zake.

prehistory

Choncho, pamene kuyamba kukhazikitsanso mu USSR (1985-1991)? The zifukwa ndi zotsatira za masitepe tikambirana ina. Tsopano tiona njira umene unachitika imeneyi Russian.

Monga pafupifupi onse zochitika mu miyoyo yathu, ndi kukonzanso wa 1985-1991 mu USSR ali prehistory ake. Indicators a moyo a anthu 70 a m'nthawi yomaliza mu dziko anafika msinkhu sikunachitekepo bola. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti Zoonadi nthawi ili ndi gawo la kufooka kwambiri kukula chuma, chifukwa kuti m'tsogolo nthawi ili yonse ndi dzanja kuwala M. S. Gorbacheva otchedwa "nthawi ya stagnation."

chodabwitsa china zoipa ndi zachilendo kuchepa kwa chuma, chifukwa cha zomwe ofufuza zimafika zolakwa za chuma anakonza.

Mu kwakukulukulu n'chongoletsa liwiro chitukuko mafakitale anathandiza mafuta ndi gasi katundu. Pa nthawiyi, Soviet Union anakhala wa Waogula Zinthu Kunja padziko lonse lapansi deta Zachilengedwe, mothandizidwa ndi chitukuko cha madera atsopano. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuwonjezera gawo mafuta ndi mpweya mu GDP dziko amaziona zizindikiro chuma Soviet Union mu kudalira kwambiri pa mitengo dziko kwa zinthu zimenezo.

Koma mtengo wapatali wa mafuta (chifukwa cha embargo pa yobereka Arab States "golide wakuda" Kumadzulo) anathandiza kusalaza ambiri zochitika chowawa mu chuma Soviet. Umoyo wa anthu nthawi zonse likutuluka, ndipo ambiri a anthu wamba kuganiza iwo sakanakhoza, kuti onsene kusintha posachedwapa. Inde, kozizira chotere ...

Komabe, utsogoleri wa dziko lotsogoleredwa ndi Leonidom Ilichom Brezhnevym sanathe kapena sanafune wachibadidwe kusintha chinachake yosamalira chuma. Mkulu zambiri yekha anaphimba abscess mavuto a zachuma atasunga Soviet Union, amene anamuopseza kuti aswe nthawi ina iliyonse, wina ali yekha kusintha zinthu kunja kapena mkati.

Kuti kusintha zinthu izi zinachititsa kuti zimachitika kuti panopa limatchedwa perestroika mu USSR mu 1985-1991.

The ntchito ku Afghanistan ndi ziletso motsutsa USSR

Mu 1979, dziko la Soviet Union opaleshoni asilikali Afghanistan, yomwe inali yololedwa kuperekedwa monga thandizo lonse kwa anthu mwaubale. Mafala a asilikali a Soviet ku Afghanistan sanali ovomerezeka ndi bungwe la UN Security, amene anali ngati amapereka kwa United States kutsatira mndandanda wa miyeso zachuma motsutsa Union amene anavala chikhalidwe cha ziletso, ndipo sachedwa kusunga ena a iwo kumadzulo kwa Ulaya.

Komabe, ngakhale kuti ayesetsa onse, boma la United States analephera kukwaniritsa m'mayiko European amaundana kumanga zikuluzikulu mafuta payipi Urengoi - Uzhgorod. Koma anthu ziletso, omwe anayambitsa, ikhoza kuwononga kwambiri kwa chuma Soviet. Ndipo ndithu nkhondo Afghanistan kunatanthauzanso ndalama ndithu chuma, komanso kuoneka kusakhutira wa anthu.

Ndi zochitika izi ndi harbingers woyamba wa kugwa chuma Soviet Union, koma nkhondo ndi ziletso anali bwino sikokwanira kuona fragility onse maziko chuma Soviet Union.

Kugwa mitengo mafuta

Bola ngati mitengo mafuta anakhala mu $ 100 mbiya, Soviet Union anachita zambiri kulabadira ziletso a m'mayiko a Azungu. Kuyambira 80s pakhala kuchepa kwambiri chuma padziko lapansi, chomwe chinathandiza kugwa mu mitengo mafuta chifukwa ankafuna m'munsi. Komanso, mu 1983 mayiko OPEC anakana kwa mitengo lokhazikika kwa gwero, ndipo Saudi Arabia kwambiri pa buku la m'zigawo za zipangizo. Zimenezi zathandizira kuti kupitiriza winanso wa kugwa kwa mitengo "golide wakuda". Ngati mu 1979 mbiya ya mafuta anapempha $ 104, kenako mu 1986 Chiwerengerochi anali atagwa ku $ 30, ndiye, mtengo wagwa pafupifupi 3.5 nthawi.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi zimakhudza zabwino chuma cha USSR, limene mpaka pano mu Brezhnev nyengo anafika kudalira kwambiri pa zogulitsa kunja mafuta. Pamodzi ndi ziletso US ndi mayiko ena Western, komanso kasamalidwe olakwika inefficient dontho lakuthwa mu mtengo "golide wakuda" zingachititse kuti kugwa kwa chuma dziko.

The watsopano Soviet utsogoleri lotsogoleredwa ndi M. S. Gorbachevym, amene anakhala mtsogoleri wa boma mu 1985, anazindikira kuti kufunika zayamba kusintha kasamalidwe dongosolo la chuma, komanso kuchita kusintha muzochitika zones za moyo national. Ndi kuyesa kugwiritsa kusintha awa ndi zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa zochitika monga perestroika (1985-1991) mu USSR.

Chifukwa kukonzanso

Kodi kwenikweni chimayambitsa inkakhala perestroika mu Soviet Union (1985-1991)? Tiyeni tione mukambirane pansipa.

Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chinatsogolera utsogoleri dziko kuganizira kufunika kwa kusintha kwakukulu - onse mu chuma ndiponso m'ndondomeko za ndale komanso wonse - anazindikira kuti mu zochitika panopa dziko loyang'anizana kugwa kwa chuma kapena, chabwino, chidwi kuchepa zizindikiro zonse. About chenicheni cha kugwa kwa Soviet Union mu 1985, ndithudi, palibe mmodzi wa atsogoleri a m'dzikolo chiyani n'komwe.

Mfundo yaikulu anali kutsogolera azindikire za kukanikiza mavuto a zachuma, boma komanso chikhalidwe ndi:

1. Ntchito asilikali Afghanistan.
2. Chiyambi cha miyeso ziletso ndi USSR.
3. Kugwa mu mitengo mafuta.
4. Angwiro dongosolo kulamulira.

Amenewa anali zifukwa kwa perestroika mu USSR mu 1985-1991.

Chiyambi cha kukonzanso

Chiyambi cha perestroika mu USSR, 1985-1991?

Monga tanena poyamba, anthu ochepa ankaganiza kuti zinthu zoipa zimene zili mwa chuma cikhalidwe wa USSR, atha kuyambitsa kugwa kwa dziko, kotero kukonzanso poyamba anakonza ngati awongolera zolakwa zina za kachitidwe.

Chiyambi cha kukonzanso mwina tikambirana March 1985, pamene Mlembi General wa CPSU chipani utsogoleri wasankha ndi wachinyamata ndipo akulonjeza membala wa Politburo wa Mihaila Sergeevicha Gorbacheva. Panthawiyo iye anali ndi zaka 54, amene anthu ambiri kuoneka osati zochepa, koma poyerekeza ndi dziko m'mbuyomu anali atsogoleri kwenikweni wamng'ono. Choncho, L. I. Brezhnev anakhala mlembi wamkulu mu zaka 59 ndipo anakhala pa udindo umenewu mpaka imfa yake agwidwa naye zaka 75. Wotanganidwa zitachitika, zofunika kwambiri mu dziko ya boma Yuri Andropov ndi Konstantin Chernenko anakhala Mlembi-General wa zaka 68 ndi 73 motero, koma sadatha kucheza pang'ono okha kuposa chaka chilichonse kuchokera pamene.

Zimenezi amasonyeza stagnation chidwi cha anthu mu echelons akuluakulu a chipani. Kusankha Mlembi-General wa wachinyamata ndi latsopano mwa munthu utsogoleri chipani, Mikhail Gorbachev, anali pamlingo winawake bwanji vutolo.

Gorbachev yomweyo momveka bwino kuti iye akanati achite kusintha m'madera osiyanasiyana m'dzikoli. Komabe, ndiye komabe sizinali bwino momwe zonsezi kupita.

Mu April 1985, Mlembi Wamkulu, anati kufunika mofulumira chitukuko zachuma wa USSR. Kuti mawu akuti "mathamangitsidwe" Kawirikawiri amatchedwa gawo loyamba la kukhazikitsanso, chimene chinafika mpaka 1987 ndipo sizikutanthauza kusintha lofunika kwambiri dongosolo. ntchito zake m'gulu kumayambiriro kwa ena kusintha utsogoleri. The mathamangitsidwe woyenda chitukuko zikutanthauza ponso okonza ndi makampani lolemera. Koma pamapeto zimene boma sabala chifukwa ankafuna.

Mu May 1985, Gorbachev ananena kuti nthawi kumanganso zonse. Ndi mawu ichi ndi panali mawu akuti "kukonzanso", koma oyamba wake ku ntchito kwambiri nthawi ina.

Ine gawo kusintha

Sizikusoweka kuganiza kuti poyamba zolinga zonse ndi zolinga anali kudziŵika amene ayenera kuthetsa perestroika mu USSR (1985-1991). masitepe akhoza kugawidwa m'mbali zinayi nthawi.

Gawo loyamba la kukhazikitsanso, limene likutchedwa "inapita", inu mukhoza kutenga nthawi kuchokera 1985 mpaka 1987. Monga tanena ndi zaluso onse anali kwakukulukulu utsogoleri. Kenako mu 1985, anayamba ndawala odana ndi mowa, cholinga kuti kuika kuchepa msinkhu wa uchidakwa ku dziko wafika mfundo yovuta. Koma mu msonkhano wachita zingapo zoyezera osatchuka pakati pa anthu amene tinganene kuti "kumwa." Makamaka, koma unawonongedwa ndi nambala yaikulu ya mpesa, inayambitsa de A facto kuletsa pamaso pa mowa banja ndi zikondwelelo zina kuti imachitika mamembala a chipanichi. Komanso, kampeni odana ndi mowa zinachititsa kuti kuchepa kwa mowa masitolo ndi kuwonjezeka kwambiri phindu.

Mu siteji yoyamba anatsimikizidwa ngati akukwaniritsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi ziphuphu ndi nzika ndalama unearned. The lothandiza nthawi imeneyi iyenera analembedwa ndi kulowetsedwa chapadera cha cadres latsopano la mtsogoleri wa MCP, amene ankafuna kuchita kusintha moona kwambiri. Mwa anthu awa kuwasiyanitsa Yeltsin ndi Ryzhkov.

The Chernobyl tsoka, kumene kunachitika mu 1986, anasonyeza kulephera kwa dongosolo alipo, osati kuteteza ngozi, komanso bwino kuthana ndi zotsatira zake. Emergency Chernobyl masiku angapo kubisala akuluakulu, pachiswe anthu ambirimbiri pafupi zoni tsoka. Izi zinasonyeza kuti utsogoleri dziko umagwira ntchito njira yakale, imene, mwachibadwa, sanali anthu.

Komanso, imachitika mpaka kusintha asonyeza kukhala operewera, kuyambira zizindikiro zachuma anapitiriza kugwa, monga zambiri kukula kusakhutira ndi utsogoleri ndondomeko anthu. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti kuzindikira Gorbachev ndi zina ziwalo zina za utsogoleri chipani chakuti theka miyeso satero, ndipo m'pofunika kuchita kusintha kwakukulu kupulumutsa tsiku.

zolinga kukonzanso

Pamwambapa anafotokoza boma la zinthu anathandiza chakuti utsogoleri dziko sanaganizire yomweyo kudziwa zolinga zenizeni za perestroika ku Soviet Union (1985-1991). Gome m'munsimu mwachidule amadziwika nalo.

dera	zolinga
chuma	Mawu oyamba a zinthu za njira msika kusintha dzuwa la chuma
kasamalidwe	The democratization Boma
anthu	Democratization la anthu, omasukirana
mgwirizano wa mayiko	Normalization ubale ndi mayiko a azungu

Cholinga chachikulu cha zomwe Soviet Union m'zaka perestroika a 1985-1991, anali kulenga ndi efficiently zikugwira ntchito boma ulamuliro limagwirira ndi kusintha zokhudza zonse.

gawo II

Kuti mavuto pamwamba akhala zofunikira utsogoleri wa USSR mu nthawi ya kukhazikitsanso mu 1985-1991. mu gawo lachiwiri la ndondomeko imeneyi, yomwe tinganene kuti chiyambi cha chaka cha 1987.

Inali pa nthawi iyi yakhala kwambiri pansi kufufuza, omwe amasonyeza otchedwa malamulo a omasukirana. Iwo amapereka lagamula zokambirana anthu kwa iwo kale mwina chanyalanyazidwa kapena anaziletsa. Ndithudi, izi linali lofunika kwambiri cha democratization a dongosolo lino, koma pa nthawi yomweyo pakhala zingapo zotsatira zoipa. Open otaya mudziwe kuti zimene kampani ndi zaka kumbuyo "chitsulo nsaru" sanali wokonzeka, chinathandiza kuunikanso kwakukulu wa zolinga za chikominisi, ndi maganizo ndi zoipa, zikamera wa mtundu ndi Odzipatula amaganiza mu dziko. Makamaka mu 1988 anayamba yapakati-mitundu zida nkhondo ku Nagorno-Karabakh.

Komanso kuchititsa mitundu ina ya kudzikonda ntchito, makamaka mu mawonekedwe a cooperatives anatilola.

Mu mfundo yachilendo, Soviet Union anapita ku zokambirana ndithu kwa US mu chiyembekezo cha kutukula ziletso. Nthawi zambiri, panali misonkhano pakati Gorbachev ndi pulezidenti Ronald Reagan, imene mgwilizano pa Kusiya anali akwaniritsa. Mu 1989, Afghanistan potsiriza kudzipatula asilikali Soviet.

Koma tisaiwale kuti yachiwiri kukonzanso sanali akwaniritsa zolinga zake manga sosholisimu demokalase.

Gawo III mu kukonzanso

Mbali yachitatu ya kukonzanso, chimene chinayamba mu theka lachiwiri la 1989 chinali ndi mfundo yakuti njira zikuchitika m'dzikoli, anabwera kuchokera pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma. Tsopano iye anakakamizika mwa iwo okha kuti azolowere.

Dziko wadutsa pachionetsera cha sovereignties. Akuluakulu Republican mwanena kutsogoza la malamulo m'dera pamaso pa onse, Union, ngati sizigwirizana ndi mzake. Ndipo mu March 1990 Lithuania ananena achire ake ku Soviet Union.

Mu 1990, ofesi pulezidenti amene maguluwo osankhidwa Mikhail Gorbachev polima. M'tsogolo zinakonzedwa kusunga chisankho cha pulezidenti ndi mavoti otchuka mwachindunji.

Komabe, zinadziwika kuti mtundu wakale mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko a Soviet Union anathandiza motalikiranso. Iwo anakonza kukonzanso kukhala "chitaganya zofewa" pansi pa dzina la Union of Wamkulu Koposa States. 1991 kulanda boma chaka kumbali amene akufuna kuteteza kachitidwe kakale, kutha mfundo imeneyi.

pambuyo perestroika

Pambuyo yimitsira wa kulanda boma, ambiri Soviet analengeza achire awo kwa mamembala ake ndi kulengeza ufulu. Ndipo ndi chiyani chikuchitika? Kodi kwachititsa kukonzanso chiyani? Kutha kwa Soviet Union ... zaka 1985-1991 anakhala amayesetsa zinalephereka ziziyenda zinthu pa dziko. Mu kugwa kwa 1991 anali kufuna kusintha kwa mayiko amphamvu kale mu chitaganya cha CCV, imene inatha mu kulephera.

The mavuto waukulu akukumana gawo lachinayi la kukonzanso, amene amatchedwanso pambuyo perestroika, anali liquidation wa USSR ndi chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko a Soviet Union. cholinga yeniyeni akwaniritsa mu Bialowieza Forest mu msonkhano wa atsogoleri a Russia, Ukraine ndi Belarus. Kenako anagwirizana ndi ambiri a mayiko ena mapangano Belavezha.

Pakutha 1991, USSR salinso ngakhale yokhala unatha.

zotsatira

Taphunzira njira zikuchitika mu USSR pa perestroika (1985-1991), mwachidule pa zimayambitsa ndi magawo a zodabwitsazi. Tsopano ndi nthawi yolankhula za zotsatira.

Choyamba ziyenera ananena za kugwa kuti anavutika kukonzanso Soviet Union (1985-1991). Zotsatira opanga onse mfundo ndi dziko lonse akhala zokhumudwitsa. dziko unagawidwa madera osiyanasiyana palokha, nkhondo inayamba mu ena mwa iwo, panali zoopsa kuchepa zizindikiro zachuma, wakhala kunyozedwa ndi mfundo chikominisi, ndi Party Communist yathetsedwa.

Koma zolinga zazikulu anapereka kukonzanso, kodi si lapindulidwa. M'malo mwake, zinthu anali kukula kwambiri. The positives yekha Tingaone kokha democratization a chikhalidwe ndi chiyambi ubale msika. Soviet Union m'nthawi kusintha kwa 1985-1991 ndi State kuti sangathe kupirira mavuto mkati ndi kunja.