Ndi valence mpweya wabwino mankhwala chiyani?

Pofuna kudziwa zotheka mfundo valence mpweya tiyenera kufufuza zinthu za amafotokozera mu tebulo nthawi, mbali yaikulu ya kapangidwe ka atomu ake. Njira imeneyi ndi zothandiza kuphunzira kufunsa kuti valence mpweya wabwino lililonse ndi zimene si mmene iye. The mankhwala ambiri kuonetsa valency yachibadwa - II. Mbali imeneyi zimathandiza inu kuthandauza kwa chiwerengero cha kumangidwa kwa atomu wina mu yomalizidwa mitunduyi bayinare yokhudza oxygen.

ndi valence mpweya wabwino chiyani?

Pa siteji koyamba za kudzikundikira chidziwitso cha katundu ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu akatswiri ankaganiza kuti valence - mphamvu kuti amange nambala inayake maatomu mu molekyulu wa thunthu. Asayansi ambiri Atapeza mchitidwe wa ayesetsa kumvetsa zimene valence mpweya wabwino. Anayankha chinapezeka mwa kuyesera: mpweya amamangirira awiri monovalent atomu wa hydrogen mu mankhwala anachita, zikutanthauza divalent. Zoimira zosiyanasiyana mankhwala ubale ndi kudzikundikira chidziwitso pa kapangidwe ka zinthu. Chiphunzitso wake wa valence wa H. Lewis ndi W. Kossel kuulula chikhalidwe cha mogwirizana mankhwala ndi kompyuta dongosolo amazionera. Akatswiri kufotokoza luso atomu a kupanga nambala inayake mgwirizano kufuna khola kwambiri boma mphamvu. Pankhani ya kukhala ndi tinthu zing'onozing'ono chinthu amakhala wolimba kwambiri. Mu chiphunzitso ndi Lewis nyumba zambiri chidwi linaperekedwa kwa udindo wa ma elekitironi kunja nawo chilengedwe cha mankhwala muzikondana.

Katundu wa Kusinthaku mpweya mu tebulo zodziwitsa

Pofuna kudziwa ndi valence mpweya, m'pofunika kuti tikambirane mbali yake dongosolo amagetsi. Mpweya mutu gulu 16 tebulo nthawi. Dzina wamba a m'banjamo - "chalcogens" wa gulu inatha iwo ali VI (A) gulu. Mu tebulo nthawi ya oxygen mu chipinda pansi №8. Phata lili mu kapangidwe kake 8 ndi nambalayi a HIV ndale particles pulayimale. Mu danga la atomu, pali awiri milingo mphamvu zimene zimachitika pamene ma elekitironi 8, 6 amene - kunja.

ubwenzi Kodi alipo pakati zikuchokera atomu ndi valence?

Pa mlingo lotsiriza la atomu mpweya lili ma elekitironi awiri unpaired. Amafotokozera fluorine Mat mtengo wa electronegativity (mphamvu kukopa awiri kulumikiza ma elekitironi). Mu mapangidwe mankhwala ndi zinthu zina mpweya amakopeka chikanachitika mu molekyulu okwana elekitironi kachulukidwe (kupatula ma elekitironi fluorine). Atafika khazikika la chipolopolo kunja mwina Kuwonjezera milandu iwiri negative. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mpweya chofunika 2 ma elekitironi. N'zotheka zotsatirazi mungachite: kuvomereza elekitironi imodzi (valence II), kuchoka ena atomu 2 ma elekitironi (valence II), salandira ma elekitironi ku maatomu ena (0 valence). Chitsanzo mpweya khalidwe khalidwe nkhani yachiwiri. njira iyi mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito kupeza zimene valence wa oxygen lililonse kwambiri mankhwala ake wamba. Zikuphatikizapo ambiri oxides zitsulo ndi nonmetals.

Kodi ndi valence mu mankhwala?

Mpweya amatha kucheza mwachindunji ndi zinthu zambiri mankhwala a. Mumadziwika mankhwala ake ndi pafupifupi nthumwi zonse tebulo zodziwitsa (kupatula inert mpweya argon, helium, Neon). Anachita ndi halogens ndi zitsulo mfulu, mpweya simungathe kuchita mwachindunji, koma oxides Au ₂ O _3, F ₂ O, CL ₂ O ₇ ndi ena kulibe (njira zina zopezera). Pakuti mankhwala bayinare mu mapangidwe mpweya umene watenga mbali, yodziwika ndi munthu covalent ubale ndi polarity. Valency mu mamolekyu otere zimadalira chiwerengero cha awiriawiri aliyense elekitironi, amene amakopeka ndi phata la atomu osiyana. Mu ambiri mwa mankhwala a ma atomu mpweya ali nawo chilengedwe cha kumangidwa awiri covalent. Mwachitsanzo, mu oxides wa NKHA _2, P ₂ O _5, CHONCHO _{2, 3,} K ₂ O, B ₂ O _3, Mo ₂ O _5, ndi tinthu ena. The hydronium cation H ₃ O + mpweya zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho atypical iye valency III. Pamaso pa -OO- peroxo anachititsa zachilendo chikhalidwe cha hydrogen peroxide H ₂ O _2. pawiri Izi akusonyeza khalidwe mpweya izo valence II.

Kodi kudziwa valence wa zinthu?

Lingaliro la valence mpweya amapereka mwayi Lewis kapangidwe - chizindikiro mankhwala mchitidwe padziko zomwe ma elekitironi madontho yang'anirani wosanjikiza akunja. Iwo kutenga nawo mbali pa chilengedwe cha mamolekyulu kuti ndinu gawo la adagawa elekitironi awiriawiri. Chilinganizo Lewis atsimikiza mpweya valency lolingana ndi chiwerengero cha unpaired ma elekitironi ake (2). The chifukwa womwewu akamagwira ntchito nyumba pakompyuta fano. Maselo awiri a kunja mpweya mlingo ili ma elekitironi unpaired (chomwenso ndi mivi njira). Kuti mudziwe zimene valence mpweya wabwino, kulola pa chilinganizo komaliza kwa phindu la pawiri bayinare maatomu oyandikana. Kuti tichite zimenezi, achite kuwerengetsera yosavuta. Koyamba kuchulukitsa ndi chiwerengero cha O atomu kwa mlingo zachilendo kwa valence oxygen. Phindu chifukwa ndi kugawidwa ndi index monga zafotokozeredwa chilinganizo chizindikiro mankhwala pafupi mfundo ina mu kaphatikizidwe ndi oxygen. Ndi njira yosavuta ife kuwerengera mpweya ndi phosphorous mu valency oxides awo.

1. Awonjezere index kudzanja pansi pa chizindikiro O woipa mu lililonse NKHA ₂ valency mchitidwe 2 • 2 = 4. chiwerengero chifukwa kugawikana index mwachindunji kwa mpweya: 4/1 = 4. mpweya woipa NKHA ₂ zili valence ake apamwamba boma IV .
2. Index pansi lamanja la chizindikiro mpweya mankhwala phosphorous okusayidi P ₂ O ₅ kuchulukitsa mmene valence atomu O 5 • 2 = 10. Izi gawani nambala adati chilinganizo mu index pa ufulu pansi pa maatomu phosphorous: 10/2 = 5. okusayidi phosphorous ndi pa valence ake apamwamba V.