Ndinatsegula Athanasius Nikitin? "Ulendo Beyond atatu Pacific" Afanasiya Nikitina

Ndithudi munali chidwi kudziwa zimene anatsegula Athanasius Nikitin. Nditawerenga nkhani imeneyi, mudzaphunzila kumene anapita wapaulendo kwambiri. Zaka moyo Afanasiya Nikitina - 1442-1474 (75). Iye anabadwa mu Tver, mwana wa Nikita, m'mphawi, kotero Nikitin - ndi patronymic ndi dzina la mlendo. Ambiri wamba pa nthawi kunalibe maina lomaliza.

Only pang'ono amadziwika mbiri yakale wa mbiri yake. Palibe zolondola zokhudza unyamata wake ndi ubwana wa wapaulendo. Amadziwika yekha kuti anakhala wamalonda ali mwachilungamo wamng'ono ndipo anapita kwa Crimea, kuti Byzantium, Lithuania ndi maiko ena bizinesi. Anali bwino zedi mabizinesi Athanasius anabwerera bwinobwino kwa katundu kunja kunyumba.

Pansipa ndi chipilala Afanasiyu Nikitinu, inali ku Tver.

Mu 1468 Athanasius anayamba kukaona, imene anapita East, Africa, India ndi Persia. Ulendowu akufotokozedwa m'buku lotchedwa "Ulendo Beyond atatu Pacific" Afanasiya Nikitina.

Ormuz

Nikitin anapita Baku kudzera Persia, ndiye kukwera kudutsa mu mapiri, ine linaposa kum'mwera. Iye anapanga palibe mofulumira ulendo wawo, kuima kwa nthawi yaitali m'midzi ndi kuphunzira chinenero cha kumeneko, komanso pokhala kuchita malonda. Athanasius anafika m'chaka cha 1449 mu Hormuz - mzinda waukulu ili pa mphambano ya njira zamalonda: ku India, China, Asia Minor ndi Egypt.

Mu Russia, izo kale mankhwala a Hormuz. Makamaka, wotchuka ngale Hormuz. Athanasius Nikitin, podziwa kuti mu mzinda wa Indian katundu wa akavalo, anaganiza ankapitabe a mzinda uno. Iye anagula stallion Arab ndi anakwera ngalawa ku chiyembekezo cha kugulitsa izo phindu mu India. Athanasius adenda kumzinda wa Chaul. Choncho Russian Kupezeka kwa India. Athanasius Nikitin anali kutenga pano mwa nyanja.

Choyamba zidindo za India

Iwo anatenga masabata asanu pamadzi. A mumaona pa wamalonda yapanga India. Traveler, osati ndikuiwala malonda, anakhalanso chidwi kafukufuku ethnographic. Iye analemba mwatsatanetsatane m'magazini zawo zimene anaona. Mu zolemba zake, India akupereka dziko zodabwitsa zimene siziri chomwecho, monga Russia. Athanasius analemba kuti anthu onse kuno kupita maliseche ndi wakuda. anadabwa kuti, ngakhale wodzichepetsa njira okhala kuvala zodzikongoletsera zagolide. Nikitin yekha, ndi njira, anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi Amwenye. Kawirikawiri kale am'deralo onani azungu. Nikitin sanathe Chawla phindu kugulitsa kavalo wake. N'kulowa m'dziko, atakhala mu tauni yaing'ono yomwe ili ku malire chapamwamba cha Sina, kenako Dzhunnare.

Zimene analemba Athanasius Nikitin?

Athanasius Nikitin taonera mfundo banja, polongosola kuona ndi miyambo ya m'dera kuyenda manotsi ake. Zinali zovuta kufotokoza loyamba la India, osati kokha kwa Russia komanso Europe. Athanasius analemba zimene chakudya am'deralo kudya zimene iwo kudyetsa ziweto, zimene mankhwala kugulitsa, momwe iwo amavalira. Iwo zotsimikizira ndondomeko ngakhale chakumwa zakumwa wafotokozedwapo, komanso amayi mwambo nyumba India kugona pa kama yemweyo ndi alendo.

Nkhani zinachitika pa malo a Dzhunnar

The linga Dzhunnar wapaulendo anadwala osati zawo. Local Khan anatola stallion Athanasius, atamva kuti mlendo ku Russia, osati basurmanin ndi Amitundu kuika chikhalidwe: mwina walowa Islam, osati sanabwerere kavalo wake, koma adzakhala anagulitsidwa ku ukapolo Khan. masiku anayi anapatsidwa kuiganizira. mwayi Only chinapulumutsa Russian Traveler. Iye anakomana Mohammed, bwenzi lakale amene vouched kwa mlendo pamaso pa Khan.

Nikitin anaphunzira kwa miyezi iwiri anakhala mu Dzhunnare, ulimi anthu. Iye anafotokoza kuti India, kufesa ndi kulima tirigu, nandolo ndi mpunga nthawi ya mvula. Komanso imafotokoza wineries m'deralo. Kokonati ntchito m'menemo monga chuma yaiwisi.

Monga Athanasius anagulitsa kavalo

Athanasius anapita pambuyo Dzhunnara mzinda Alland. Panali chilungamo chachikulu. Wamalonda ankafuna kugulitsa Arabia kavalo, koma izo kachiwiri analephera. Ndipo kopanda Iye pa chilungamo anali kwambiri mahatchi wabwino.

Afanasiyu Nikitinu mu 1471 okha anakwanitsa kuigulitsa, ndi kuti popanda phindu, kapena ngakhale patsikulo. Izo zinachitika mu mzinda wa Bidar, kumene iwo anafika, kudikira mvula m'midzi ina. Iye kaye kwa nthawi yaitali kuno, anzanga ndi anthu akuderalo. Athanasius anauza anthu za chikhulupiriro chawo ndi nthaka. Amwenye anauza zambiri za banja dongosolo lawo, mapemphero komanso miyambo. Nikitina nyimbo zambiri odzipereka nkhani ya chipembedzo am'deralo.

Parvat m'mabuku Nikitin a

Kenako, Ndinatsegula Athanasius Nikitin unali mzinda woyera wa Parvati. Iye anafika pano pa ndizina Krishna Beach mu 1472. mzinda uno anali wokhulupirika kwa onse pa India kwa madyerero apachaka, amene anali wodzipereka kwa mulungu Shiva. Nikitin taonera mu zolemba zake kuti ali ndi malo kufunika okonzeka Indian Brahmins, ngati Yerusalemu Akhristu.

Komanso kuyenda Afanasy Nikitin

chaka china chimodzi ndi theka kuyendayenda India wamalonda pofuna kusinthanitsa ndi kuphunzira chikhalidwe chawo. Koma mabizinesi (ie, chifukwa Athanasius Nikitin anayenda nyanja atatu) analephera. Oyenera katundu ku Russia katundu ku India, sanakam'peze.

Afanasii Nikitin anapita pa njira ya kubwerara Africa (East Coast). Dziko Aitiopiya, malinga ndi zolemba, iye pang'onong'ono ndi kuba. Traveler oomboledwa mkate ndi mpunga kwa achifwamba.

kubwerera

Afanasiya Nikitina ulendo anapitiriza chifukwa chakuti anabwerera Ormuz ndi kupita kumpoto kudzera Iran, komwe pa nthawiyo anali kumenyana. Athanasius zapita Kashan, Shiraz, Erzinzhan ndipo anali mu Trabzon, Turkey mudzi, yomwe ili pa chakumwera kwa Nyanja Black. Bwererani ankaoneka pafupi, koma mafunde chasanduka kachiwiri ku Nikitin. Akuluakulu a ku Turkey ananditenga kumugwira, monga analakwa kwa kazitape aku Iran. Choncho Athanasius Nikitin, ndi Russian wamalonda ndi wapaulendo, anali asalandidwe malo ake onse. Zonse anamusiyira - tsikulo.

Athanasius anatenga ndalama kupitiriza parole. Iye ankafuna Feodosia, kumene ankafuna kukumana amalonda Russian ndi ngongole nawo. Mu Kafu (Feodosiya), zinangokhala anafika mu 1474, m'dzinja. Nikitin anakhala yozizira pano, kumaliza zolemba pa ulendo. M'chaka anafuna kupita ku Russia pa Mtsinje Dnieper ku Tver. Pomaliza ulendo wa ku India Afanasiya Nikitina.

Imfa Afanasiya Nikitina

Koma kubwerera sanali mlendo: anafa mu Smolensk mu zinthu bwinobwino. Mwina zaka mavuto ndi kuyendayenda kuchichepetsa Athanasius thanzi. Makina izo Moscow amalonda, anabweretsa kwa Moscow ndipo anapereka mapepala ake awo Mamyrevu, Sexton, Ivan mlangizi III. Zolemba patapita m'gulu m'mbiri ya 1480.

Iwo anapeza m'zaka 19 Karamzin ndi lofalitsidwa pansi udindo wolemba mu 1817. Otchulidwa mutu wa ntchito imeneyi nyanja atatu - Caspian, Black Sea ndi Indian Ocean.

Ndinatsegula Athanasius Nikitin?

Long isanafike azungu ku India mu dziko anasonyeza kuti Russian ogulitsa. Njira nyanja linatsegulidwa pano Vasco da Gama, ndi Chipwitikizi wamalonda, zaka makumi angapo.

Ngakhale chandamale malonda sanali akwaniritsa, chifukwa anali kufotokoza woyamba wa ulendo wa India. Mu Russia wakale lisanalipiridwe zodziwika kokha nthano mabuku ena. Munthu wa m'ma 15 ankatha kuona dziko lino ndi maso awo ndi luso kuuza munthu uyu. Iye analemba za dongosolo la ndale, chipembedzo, malonda, nyama zosowa (njovu, njoka, anyani), miyambo ya m'derali, ndi kulemba nkhani zina lodziwika bwino.

Nikitin komanso anafotokoza mtunda ndi mzinda umene iye si anafika, koma amene anauzidwa Amwenye. Iye akunena makamaka chilumba cha Ceylon, Calcutta, Indochina, umene panthawi imeneyo sankazidziwa Russian. Chotero kodi anatsegula Athanasius Nikitin, anali wofunika kwambiri. deta mosamala anasonkhana tsopano kulola ife kuweruza geopolitical ndi asilikali zolinga wa akulu a India pa nthawi imeneyo, wa gulu lankhondo.

"Ulendo Beyond atatu Pacific" Afanasiya Nikitina - lemba yoyamba ya mtundu umenewu mu mbiri ya mabuku Russian. Kulemba phokoso wapadera akaganizira kuti wapaulendo sikuti kokha kufotokoza malo opatulika, monga amwendamnjira pamaso pake. Osati zinthu zosiyana Chikhristu kugwera mu munda wake wa masomphenya ndipo anthu ndi zikhulupiriro zina ndi moyo. Buku lopanda kudziletsa kufufuza ndi mwambo kuposa chofunika kwambiri.