Ndodo - kodi ndi kalasi kapena mtundu? Kodi makoswe ndi mitundu kapena chigawo? Zizindikiro za makoswe

Oyimilira oyamba a Rodents a gulu linawonekera m'nthawi ya Cretaceous. Ndipo adadziwika ndi sayansi kuyambira pachiyambi cha Paleocene. Akatswiri a paleontologists amakhulupirira kuti makolo a makoswe anali tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Chipinda cha Rodent: chikhalidwe chachikulu

Pakati pa zinyama za chipani ichi kumeneko zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri. Thupi la kutalika kwa mbewa ndi masentimita 5 5. Capillary ikhoza kufika masentimita 130 m'litali, ndipo thupi lake limasiyanasiyana kuyambira 6 mpaka 60 makilogalamu. Chifukwa cha mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo, thupi lokhala ndi thupi laling'ono limasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, miyendo ingakhale ndi maonekedwe osiyana. Nthitizi zimakhala ndi zitsulo zapakati pa 5 kapena 4-toed ndi 3-, 4-, 5-toed posterior. Chivundikiro cha tsitsi chimakhala chosiyana kwambiri - chimakhala chofewa komanso chofewa kuti chikhale chofewa, choboola kapena chopanga singano. Kujambula zithunzi kumakhalanso kosiyana. Palibe glands la thukuta pa thupi, kokha kupezeka kwa glands zokhazokha ndi khalidwe. Malo amanjenjemera a thukuta ndiwo ming'oma. Chiwerengero cha nkhono chimasiyana pakati pa awiri ndi 12 awiriawiri.

Malingana ndi mtundu wa chakudya, oimira mabanja ambiri amasiyananso. Mungathe kudziwa makoswe odyetsa, omnivorous, odetsa nkhaŵa komanso osadya nsomba.

Zizindikiro za mawonekedwe

Makhalidwe abwino ali ndi ubweya wambiri wa ubongo wa hemispheres; Kupanda ungwiro kwa thermoregulation; Kukhalapo kwa magulu awiri aŵiri owonjezera a incisors pakati, omwe amakula mmoyo wonse ndipo alibe mizu. Muwonekedwe, mano awa amawoneka ngati mazira ndipo ali okhwima kwambiri, mkati mwake amadzaza ndi dentin wofewa, pamene mbali yapambali imadzazidwa ndi hard enamel. Mbali iyi ya mawonekedwe imalola chida chodziwongolera ngati kuli kofunikira. Nkhumba zamakoswe sizipezeka, ndipo pakati pa incisors ndi zolembera ndi diastema (malo opanda kanthu). Chiwerengero cha mano a mitundu yosiyanasiyana chimasiyana ndi 12 mpaka 20.

Malingana ndi moyo ndi mtundu wa zakudya, zokopa zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi momwe dzino limagwirira ntchito. Ikhoza kukhala tuberculate kapena crystate. Milomo imateteza chitetezo, kuteteza pakamwa kuchokera ku mitundu yosafunikira ya tinthu. Mapangidwe a minofu ya masticatory yomwe ili kumbuyo kwa masaya ndi kutseka nsagwada, amalola, ngati kuli koyenera, kutulutsa ntchafu yamkati. Ndiko kusiyana kwa kasinthidwe kwa minofu imeneyi yomwe idakhala ngati chizindikiro chomwe makoswe amagawidwa. Mimba ingakhale yophweka kapena yambiri. Kwa onse koma okha, kupezeka kwa caecum ndi khalidwe, koma palibe mpangidwe wauzimu mkati mwake.

Chiwerengero cha dongosolo la rodent

Gulu la rodent silinasankhidwe. Mpaka posachedwapa, olemba mapalewa, omwe anapatsidwa lero mu chipinda chosiyana, adalinso nawo.

Pakadali pano, mabanja oposa 40 amadziwika, 30 mwa iwo akuyimira nthumwi zamakono. Kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ndi kofiira kwambiri, motsogoleredwa ndi Rodent, malinga ndi magulu osiyanasiyana, pali mitundu ya 1600 mpaka 2000.

Kufalikira kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makoswe kumalola munthu kulankhula za ulamuliro wa nambala ya oimira awo pakati pa zinyama. Mitundu 150 ya mabanja 11 amakono, kuphatikizapo ntchentche, agologolo, Beavers, Hamsters, mbewa za Mole, mbewa, Sonevy, Tushkonkovye, ndi zina zotere. Kwa mitundu yambiri ndizofunika kukhala ndi moyo wa pansi pa nthaka, pamene chakudya chimaperekedwa pamwamba.

Ntchentche zakutchire ndi zapakhomo, zomwe zikutsogolera usiku ndi moyo wa tsiku, zazing'ono ndi zazikulu - oimira awo ambiri akukhazikika padziko lonse lapansi.

Mtengo wa makoswe

Zimadziwika kuti makoswe amagwira ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito nthaka. Ntchito yawo yobisala imakhudza zokolola za zomera.

Kutalika kwa moyo kumadalira kukula kwake: ziweto zazing'ono zimakhala zaka 1.5 mpaka 2, ndi zazikulu - kuyambira zaka 4 mpaka 7. Kuyambika msinkhu m'miyeso yaing'ono kumapezeka miyezi 2-3, ndipo kwakukulu - zaka 1-1,5. Chiwerengero cha makoswe aang'ono kwambiri, omwe m'chaka amatha kubala maulendo 6 mpaka 8 pa ana a ng'ombe khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu (8-15), akhoza kuwonjezeka mazana ambiri muzaka zina. Kenaka makoswe amachititsa kuti ulimi uwonongeke kwambiri. Zinyama za nyamazi ndizoopsa, zomwe zimanyamula ndi odwala matenda aakulu. Izi ndizo, agologolo agoyala ndi zitsamba zam'madzi. Mavitamini, muskrats ndi nutria ali ndi ubweya wamtengo wapatali, ndipo pankhaniyi akhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha ubweya malonda. Mitundu iwiri ndi magulu asanu a makoswe amalembedwa mu Bukhu Loyera.

Omwe akuyimira gululo

Mabanja omwe amapanga asilikali a Rodion, omwe ali m'munsiwa, akuphatikizapo nyama zosiyanasiyana pa maonekedwe awo ndi moyo wawo.

• Sem. Gologolo: wamba squirrel, gologolo, chipmunk, mexican udzu galu, marmot.
• Sem. Akuuluka: akuuluka.
• Sem. Kumbani
• Sem. Beaver: beever.
• Sem. Dolonogovye: amilonda aatali kwambiri.
• Sem. Hamsters: wamba wamba wa Hamster, Dzhungar, mliri wamba, mapiko, ziboda, mandimu za Siberia, ziboliboli zazikulu.
• Sem. Amphaka a mole: wamba wa makoswe.
• Sem. Mouse: mwana wamphongo, pasyuk.
• Sem. Snowy: dormouse munda.
• Sem. Selevinium: Selevinium.
• Sem. Mouse: nkhalango yamphongo.
• Sem. Touchetcock: mafuta-tailed jerboa, lalikulu jerboa.
• Sem. Nkhumba: nkhuku za Indian.
• Sem. Nkhuku za ku America: nkhumba yolimba.
• Sem. Nkhumba: Gulu la Guinea, Patagonian Mara.
• Sem. Capillary: capillary.
• Sem. Chinchilla: Chinchilla, Viscah.
• Sem. Nutriium: nutria.

Njira yosinthika ya makoswe

Mitundu yambiri ya makoswe akale, ambiri mwa iwo anapeza ku North America ndi Eurasia, anali ochepa kwambiri komanso akunja ofanana ndi mbewa zamakono. Mitundu yokhayo yokhayo inali yochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ambiri ndipo inafika kukula kwa beever.

Chizindikiro choyamba chinayambira, chomwe chinayamba kusiyanitsa makoswe ochokera ku zinyama zina zofananako, chinali mawonekedwe a nsagwada, kapena kani, mawonekedwe a zizindikiro za incisors. Zinyama izi zinali zodzichepetsa ndipo pang'onopang'ono zinasinthidwa kumalo osiyanasiyana, pamene zida za dongosololo, malingana ndi njira ya moyo, zinayamba kuonekera bwino kwambiri.

Ng'ombe zazing'ono zazing'ono zinasunthira kuthamanga, ndipo kenako zinkawoneka mitundu yotere yomwe inaphunzira kulumpha. Mofananamo, gulu la makoswe a pansi panthaka linagawanika, kapangidwe ka chigaza, ziphuphu ndi ziphuphu zomwe zinakhala zizindikiro.

Zina mwa makoswe wamba - mbewa ndi makoswe - zinawoneka patapita nthawi. Oimira mitundu yakale ya zinyama zimenezi anapezeka m'ndandanda ya ku Ulaya ya Pliocene.

Kukhazikika kwa oimira nyumbayi kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi munthuyo, pambuyo pa makoswe onsewo "atagwa pansi" pa sitimayo paulendo wopita panyanja, ndipo kenako anayenda ndi makamera a ngamila m'chipululu, ndi sitima zapamtunda. Amakhala pafupi ndi munthu mpaka lero. Ndimakhala womasuka kwambiri m'nyumba ndi ziweto, m'minda yosungiramo tirigu komanso m'masitolo.

Odzudzula: mayina a magulu aakulu a tizirombo

Makoswe ndi oimira mtundu wa rattus, mitundu 63. Nyama izi zimakhazikika padziko lonse lapansi. Koma mitundu iwiri ya makoswe imapweteketsa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwaumunthu, kuwononga mbewu, kuwononga zakudya ndi kutenga matenda. Iyi ndi mbola yakuda ndi imvi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa pasyuk. Zonsezi ndizoimira oyendetsa anthu. Kuchokera pambali ya njira ya moyo n'zotheka kuwulula kusiyana pakati pa oimira mitundu iyi. Mdima ndi "makoswe" ambiri. Mphungu imakonda kutentha ndikukhala, monga lamulo, pokhalamo anthu, pamene pasyuk amamva bwino kunja kwa nyumba, ndikuyendetsa midzi ndi midzi. Nthiti yakuda imapeza kufalikira kwake kofala pakuyenda pa zombo. Ku Britain, inali makoswewa omwe anakhala otsogolera mliri umene unayambitsa miyoyo ya anthu miyandamiyanda. Dziko lachimwenye la Pasyuk ndi China, limene linayambira pakati pa theka la XVIII. Mbalameyo anafika ku Ulaya, akukankhira kutalika kwa ngongole yakuda. Mitundu yonse ya makoswe ndi yoopsa kwambiri. Amatha kunyamula mliri, typhus, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis.

Mphuno ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Mitundu yomwe ili ndi dzina ili imapezeka m'mabanja angapo. Ambiri omwe amavomereza a nyengo yozizira yowonongeka ndi mbewa ndi mbewa; African continent - zitsamba zam'mimba ndi zowombera munda; Australia - chimanga cha Asiya ndi mpunga wa prickly. Koma wotchuka kwambiri pambuyo pake ndi nyumba ya mbewa, ngakhale kuti yaying'ono, yomwe imayambitsa thanzi laumunthu. Nthata zina zimakhudza mavuto azachuma a mayiko, kuwononga mbewu zaulimi ndi masamba a zakudya. Vutoli ndi lovuta kwambiri kuzitentha. Pafupifupi makoswe onse ndi omnivorous, koma amakonda kupatsa zakudya komanso nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo. Nkhumba zimatengedwa ngati chimodzi mwa zinyama zazikulu kwambiri. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi ndi hamster wamtengo wapatali, omwe kulemera kwake sikuposa 10 g.

Zowona zimakhala pafupi ndi achibale a hamsters, makoswe ndi mbewa. Mapu ndi mabala ndi mbali ya banja lachikhalidwe, omwe oimira amakhala m'madera ozizira a Northern Hemisphere. Mu chipangidwe chakunja pali zizindikiro: mchira waufupi ndi mphuno. Nyama yaikulu kwambiri ya mitundu 99 ya mtundu umenewu ndi makoswe a American musk, omwe amatchedwanso muskrat. Nthiti zamammayizi zimasinthidwa kuti zikhale moyo m'madzi, atapeza njira yodzisinthika. Pokhala ndiwopatsa thanzi, ma voles angasokoneze ulimi ndi zakudya. Makoswewa amadyetsedwa ndi zinyama zambiri ndi mbalame zodya nyama, zomwe zimasonyeza chilengedwe chawo.

Zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi makoswe

• Nthiti zikufalikira ponseponse pa dziko lapansi kuti makontinenti onse ali ndi madzi ochuluka kupatulapo Antarctica.
• Nkhalango yaikulu kwambiri yomwe ili m'dera la South America zaka 4 miliyoni zapitazo. Kulemera kwa anthu payekha kungathe kufika pa tani imodzi. Mpaka pano, wamkulu woyimilira wachitetezo ndi capybara.
• Mbalame wina wa ku Malayan anali mu Guinness Book of Records, atakhala zaka 27 ndi miyezi inayi.
• Asayansi a ku Japan-majeremusi adachotsa mtundu wa rodent-mutant. Mbali yapadera ya laboratory mutant ndi yakuti imatha kuyankhula ngati mpheta.
• Chithunzi cha chipmunk chili m'manja mwa mizinda iwiri ya dera la Sverdlovsk - Volchansk ndi Krasnoturinsk.
• Mu kalendala ya Chitchaina pali chaka cha Mouse, ndi ku Zoroastrian - chaka cha Beaver ndi chaka cha Squirrel.
• Makoswe otchuka kwambiri ndi gulu la ojambula ojambula kuchokera ku ntchito ya Walt Disney: chipmunata Chip ndi Dale, makoswe a Rocky ndi mbewa Gaik. Komanso makoswe omwe amadziwika bwino ndi mafilimu a "comedy" Alvin ndi Chipmunks.
• Pulofesa Jenny Morton wa yunivesite ya Cambridge anafufuza zotsatira za methamphetamine pa zinyama. Zofufuza zinachitidwa pa mbewa. Zinali zodziwika kuti nyimbo zofuula zinalimbikitsa zida za poizoni za kukonzekera. Mwa gulu la anthu 40 omwe anamvetsera Bach, 4 okhawo anafa pena kapena mwamsanga pambuyo poyesera. Koma pa mbewa 40 zomwe zinamvetsera nyimbo za The Prodigy, 7 yomweyo anafera pomwepo. Mfundo, ndithudi, sizomwe anthu amasiyanitsa mwachidwi zomwe amva, koma pochita phokoso la nyimbo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa poizoni.
• Mphungu zabwino ndizoledzera. Mbali imeneyi imasiyanitsa kwambiri mitundu iyi. Ndodo, zomwe zimagonjetsa kwambiri mzerewu, sungakhoze kukana "galasi". Phunziro losayembekezereka limeneli linapangidwa ndi aprofesa a University of Concordia a Montreal. Anthu amenewo omwe anali okonzeka bwino mu labyrinth, anazindikira mwamsanga ubale wa mowa ndi kumverera kwachisangalalo chomwe chimayambitsa. Izi zikusonyezedwa ndi kuti iwo, atamva fungo la mowa, adayamba kugwedeza. Koma makoswe ochepa omwe sanagwiritse ntchito nzeruyi sanagwirizane nazo ndipo sanafike ngakhale pagalasi, akuwopsya ndi fungo losasangalatsa la mowa.
• Pogwiritsa ntchito kachilombo kochokera ku HIV, asayansi ochokera ku California Institute of Technology adayesa zowonongeka, kutumiza kwa zamoyo zina zomwe zimakhala ndi zinyama zina. Makamaka, kuyesera kochititsa chidwi kotereku kunkachitidwa: jellyfish jeni inayambitsidwa mu kamodzi kamene kali pamimba, kamene kamayambitsa luminescence. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, mbewa zomwe zimakhala ndi maonekedwe achilendo zimakhala ndi ziwalo zowala zobiriwira. Kuwala kunasanduka malo osakhazikika a mbewa izi, ndipo ana enanso anali nawo mbali imeneyi.

Kunyumba Kwambiri

Ana nthawi zambiri amangofuna nyama. Koma ochepa chabe ali ndi chipiriro, mphamvu ndi nthawi yosamalira. Odzichepetsa kwambiri pankhaniyi akhoza kutchedwa makoswe apakhomo. Kusamalira zinyama zozizwitsa izi ndizochepa. Zomwe zilibezi sizikutanthauza zofunikira, ndipo mtengo uli wotsika mtengo.

Monga chiweto choyamba kwa mwana wamng'ono muyenera kusankha makoswe basi. Ndiponsotu, mwanayo akhoza kudyetsa yekha nyama yachinyama, ndikugwira nawo ntchito yoyeretsa khola.

Zinyama zimapereka zinyama zosiyanasiyana monga makoswe. Mndandanda wa zofala kwambiri waperekedwa pansipa.

Nkhumba zambiri, nyama, makoswe, nkhumba, nkhumba, chinchillas, akalulu okongola, chipmunks, ferrets komanso agologolo amagulitsidwa m'masitolo. Ambiri "omasuka" ndiwo, amadzimadzi, omwe amasiyana ndi khalidwe lokhazika mtima pansi komanso lodzimvera. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizosavuta kuti zikhale zovuta. Magologolo, chinchillas, akalulu ndi ferrets amafunikira malo ambiri, ndipo kuwasamalira n'kovuta.

Popeza kuti makoswe amanyamula matenda ambiri, m'pofunika kuti nthawi zonse azikhala ndi njira zoyenera kuti azipewa. Mwachitsanzo, nyama zatsopano zatsopano ziyenera kukhala paokha kwa kanthaŵi, zomwe ndi zofunika kuti atsimikizire kuti ali ndi thanzi labwino. Ndikofunika kuti nthawi zonse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Makoswe ku New York

Ngakhale kuti nyama zakutchire ndizogwirizanitsa kwambiri, makoswe (monga makoswe) ndi opangidwa kuchokera ku chitukuko. Iwo adapanga limodzi ndi ife, ndipo malo okhala anthu - ndizokongola kwambiri makoswe amamva pakati pa anthu. Mwinamwake, ndicho chifukwa New York inasankhidwa kukhala dziko lalikulu la makoswe.

Malinga ndi chidziwitso chokwanira, mumzinda uno chiwerengero cha makoswe ndi chapamwamba kwambiri kuposa chiwerengero cha anthu. Njira iliyonse yomenyera makoswe yomwe akatswiri a mumzindawu amapanga, makoswewa amapezekabe njira yopulumutsira.

Okhala osakondedwa akukhala ochulukirapo, amphamvu komanso ochulukirapo kwa zaka zambiri. Komanso zosangalatsa ndizoti makoswe a mumzindawu ndi amachenjera kwambiri kuposa akumidzi. Aphunzira kumvetsa zinthu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mmodzi wa iwo amwalira, atatha kumeza nyambo, achibale ake sangadye konse. Iwo amaphunzira mauthenga apansi ndipo amatha kuyendayenda mumzinda wina m'njira zina.

Makoswe amakhala pafupi ndi mwamuna kwa zaka mazana ambiri, akuchulukitsa ndi liwiro la mphezi. Nkhumba yomwe ili ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu idakalipo kale. Patapita chaka, amatha kubereka ana 50 pachaka. Iwo, monga ojambula a masewero, akhoza kukankhira pamtunda wochepa, kukwera mokweza pamwamba ndi kusambira. Iwo ali ndi malingaliro abwino kwambiri a kununkhiza ndi kugwira, amatha kudumpha mamita angapo m'litali ndipo akukhazikitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe a anthu.

Posachedwapa, chinapezeka kuti ambiri a akambuku anasiya pomenyana makoswe. Tsopano iwo mwamtendere azikhala nawo, kudya pamodzi ndi pamodzi limodzi. Chifukwa aone kuti pali uwu wa mphamvu ndi mu ndondomeko ya chisinthiko makoswe kwambiri zikuchulukireni.

Ngakhale York Chatsopano anasiya powasamalira makoswe, iwo tsopano lowonjezera ndi maganizo a mzinda. Makoswe kusiya akubisala, iwo mochititsatu kaso kuyenda pamodzi m'mbali mwa msewu, mowolowa manja kusiya chigawo chapakati cha anthu awo.

Inde, makoswe kulumidwa salinso wachivundi ngozi, koma zovulaza thanzi. Ana ndi zambiri amavutitsidwa kulumidwa awo. Chaka chilichonse koposa anthu zana analumidwa ndi makoswe kulowa chipatala mu New York.

Mbali okha monga makoswe tizirombo akadali bwino. Inde, ena a iwo ndi tizirombo njiru loyenera kuwonongedwa mu njira zonse zotheka. Koma pali mitundu kuti chikanachitika popanda kusokoneza zoopsa za muyezo wa moyo pa machitidwe zambiri zachilengedwe. Ndipo makoswe ambiri udindo nyama experimental mu Laboratories.

Choncho, makoswe, amene ali maina osiyanasiyana, ndipo chiwerengero ndi waukulu mu tanthauzo lake osiyana kwambiri, kubweretsa moyo wa munthu ndi dziko monga zoipa zoopsa ndi ubwino kwambiri.