Zosankha. Chigawo cha ziwalo

Kusungulumwa ndiko kuchotsedwa ku thupi la poizoni kupangidwa chifukwa cha kuchepetsa thupi. Izi ndizofunikira kuti pakhale chikhalidwe cha mkati mwawo - homeostasis. Maina a ziwalo zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nyama ndizosiyana-siyana zamatope, metanephridia. Munthu ali ndi kayendedwe kake kachitidwe kameneka.

Kusankha

Kusinthanitsa ndondomeko ndi kovuta kwambiri ndipo kumachitika m'magulu onse - kuchokera ku maselo mpaka maselo. Choncho, kuti athandizidwe, dongosolo lonse likufunika. Ziwalo zobisika za anthu zimapatula zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Madzi osungunuka amachotsedwa mthupi mothandizidwa ndi mapapo, khungu, matumbo ndi impso. Mafuta a zitsulo amatulutsa chiwindi ndi m'matumbo.

Maungulo ndiwo ziwalo zozizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya uzilowa m'thupi komanso kuchotsedwa kwa carbon dioxide. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ndiponsotu, carbon dioxide yotulutsidwa ndi nyama imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga photosynthesis. Ndi mpweya wa carbon dioxide, madzi ndi kuwala m'mitengo yobiriwira yomwe ili ndi chlorophyll pigment, amapanga shuga ndi mpweya wamagazi. Pano pali phindu lofunika kwambiri la zinthu zachilengedwe. Kupyolera m'mapapu, madzi owonjezera amachotsedwa mosalekeza.

Matumbo amachotsa zakudya zopanda mphamvu, komanso zimakhala ndi mankhwala owononga thupi, omwe amachititsa kuti thupi liwonongeke.

Chifuwa cha chiwindi cha chiwindi ndi fyuluta yeniyeni ya thupi laumunthu. Mmenemo, zinthu zoopsa zimachotsedwa m'magazi. Chiwindi chimapanga puloteni wapadera - bile, yomwe imanyoza poizoni ndi kuwachotsa m'thupi, kuphatikizapo poizoni mowa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Udindo wa Khungu mu Kusankha Ntchito

Ziwalo zonse za excretion sizingasinthe. Ndipotu, ngati ntchito yawo imasokonezeka, poizoni zidzasungunuka m'thupi. Chofunikira kwambiri pakukwaniritsa njirayi ndigulu lalikulu la anthu - khungu. Imodzi mwa ntchito zake zofunika kwambiri ndi kuzindikira kwa thermoregulation. Pa ntchito yaikulu, thupi limatulutsa kutentha kwambiri. Kusonkhanitsa, kungayambitse kutentha.

Khungu limayendetsa kukula kwa kutentha kutentha, kusunga ndalama zokhazokha. Pamodzi ndi thukuta, pambali pa madzi, mchere wamchere, urea ndi ammonia amachotsedwa m'thupi.

Kodi kusinthanitsa kutentha kumachitika motani?

Mwamuna ndi munthu wautentha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kutentha kwa thupi lake sikudalira nyengo yomwe amakhalamo kapena amakhalako kwa kanthawi. Zakudya za thupi zomwe zimabwera ndi chakudya: mapuloteni, mafuta, zakudya - mu kapangidwe ka zakudya zimagawanika kumalo awo. Iwo amatchedwa monomers. Panthawi imeneyi, mphamvu yowonjezera imatulutsidwa. Popeza kuti kutentha kwapakati kumakhala kochepa kuposa kutentha kwa thupi (36.6 madigiri), malinga ndi malamulo a sayansi, thupi limapereka kutentha kwambiri kwa chilengedwe, mwachitsanzo. Kumalo kumene kuli kochepa. Motero, kutentha kwakutentha kumasungidwa. Njira yowonongeka ndi kupangidwa kwa kutentha ndi thupi limatchedwa thermoregulation.

Pamene munthuyo akuwombera mwamphamvu kwambiri? Kutentha kumatuluka. Ndipo m'nyengo yozizira, thukuta silikumasulidwa. Izi ndi chifukwa thupi silipindulitsa kutaya kutentha, koma sikuti ndilofunika kwambiri.

Njira yowonjezera mphamvu imakhudzidwa ndi dongosolo lamanjenje. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mitengo ya kanjedza imalumphira panthawi ya kuyesedwa, zikutanthauza kuti nthawi yosangalala, zotengera zimakula ndipo kutentha kumatuluka.

Makhalidwe a urinary system

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa njira yodzipatula kwa mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito kagayidwe ka maselo amasewera ndi ziwalo za ziwalo za mkodzo. Zimapangidwa ndi impso zokhala pamodzi, ureters, chikhodzodzo, chomwe chimatsegula kunja ndi urethra. Chithunzichi pansipa (chiwembu "Ziwalo Zosankha") chimasonyeza malo a ziwalo izi.

Impso - chiwalo chachikulu cha excretion

Ziwalo za kugawidwa kwa munthuyo zimayamba ndi impso. Izi ndi ziwalo ziwiriziwiri za mawonekedwe a nyemba. Zili m'kati mwa mimba kumbali zonse ziwiri za msana, zomwe zimayang'ana mbali ya concave.

Kunja, aliyense wa iwo amakhala ndi chipolopolo. Kupyolera mu chithandizo chapadera chomwe chimatchedwa zipata za impso, limba limaphatikizapo mitsempha ya magazi, mitsempha ya mitsempha ndi ureters.

Chipinda chamkati chimapangidwa ndi mitundu iwiri ya zinthu: zamalonda (mdima) ndi ubongo (kuwala). Mu impso, mkodzo umapangidwira, womwe umasonkhanitsidwa mu chidebe chapadera - chifuwa, kuchoka ku icho kupita ku ureter.

Nehononi ndi chiyambi cha impso

Ziwalo za excretion, makamaka impso, zimakhala ndi mapangidwe oyambirira. Zili mkati mwazo zomwe zimagwiritsira ntchito kagayidwe ka maselo kumachitika pamaselo. Impso iliyonse ili ndi nephrononi miliyoni - zomangamanga ndi zogwirira ntchito.

Chimodzi mwa izo chimapangidwa ndi ng'ombe yamphongo, yomwe imayendetsa kapule ya goblet ndi mpira wa mitsempha ya magazi. Mtsuko umasonkhanitsidwa poyamba pano. Kuchokera pa capsule iliyonse imadutsa tubuloni ya convoluted ya tubuloni yoyamba ndi yachiwiri, yomwe imatsegulidwa ndi zikhotho zosonkhanitsa.

Mmene mkodzo umapangidwira

Mitsempha imapangidwira kuchokera ku magazi chifukwa cha njira ziwiri: kusefera ndi kubwezeretsanso. Choyamba mwa izi zimapezeka m'matupi a nephron. Chifukwa cha kusungunuka kuchokera m'magazi a magazi, zigawo zonse kupatula mapuloteni ali okhaokha. Kotero, mu mkodzo wa munthu wathanzi apo sipangakhale chinthu ichi. Ndipo kukhalapo kwake kumasonyeza kuswa kwa kayendedwe ka kagayidwe kachakudya. Chifukwa cha kusungunula, madzi amapangidwa, omwe amatchedwa mkodzo woyamba. Mtengo wake ndi 150 malita patsiku.

Kenaka akubwera siteji yotsatira - kubwezeretsanso. Chokhazikika chake chimakhala kuti kuyambira mkodzo woyamba kupita m'magazi kumatengera zinthu zonse zopindulitsa kwa thupi: mchere wamchere, amino acid, shuga, madzi ambiri. Chifukwa chake, mkodzo wachiwiri umapangidwa - 1.5 malita patsiku. Mu chinthu ichi, munthu wathanzi sayenera kukhala ndi shuga monosaccharide.

Mkodzo wachiwiri ndi madzi 96%. Zimaphatikizaponso ioni ya sodium, potassium ndi klorini, urea ndi uric acid.

Makhalidwe abwino a kukodza

Kuchokera mumtambo wina uliwonse wa nephron umalowa mkati mwa nthenda yamphongo yomwe imatuluka mumsampha. Ndi thupi lopanda mphamvu. Vuto la chikhodzodzo likuwonjezeka ndi ukalamba ndipo munthu wamkulu akufika pa 0,75 malita. Kunja chikhodzodzo chimatsegula urethra. Pa chiwerengerocho chili ndi malire awiri a mitsempha.

Pofuna kukonza mkodzo, phula liyenera kuwonjezeka pafupifupi 0,3 malita a madzi. Izi zikachitika, olandirira makoma amakwiya. Mkangano wamatumbo, ndipo sphincters amatsitsimuka. Kukonzekera kumachitika mwadzidzidzi, mwachitsanzo, Munthu wamkulu amatha kulamulira njirayi. Zimayendetsedwa ndi kukodza ndi chithandizo cha mitsempha, malo ake ali m'dera la sacral la msana.

Ntchito za ziwalo zosankhidwa

Impso zimathandiza kwambiri pochotsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuchokera ku thupi, kuyendetsa mchere wa madzi ndi kusunga mphamvu ya osmotic ya thupi.

Ziwalo zowonongeka zimayeretsa thupi la poizoni, kukhala ndi chikhalidwe choyenera cha zinthu zofunika kuti thupi lonse lizikhala bwino.