Neolithic - Neolithic ndi ...

ndi Neolithic ndi chiyani? Mawu amenewa anachokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "neos" (yatsopano) ndi "lithos" (mwala). Asayansi akuti iyi akutchedwa nyengo yatsopano mu chitukuko cha anthu. Mwa chidule, Neolithic - ndi Chatsopano Stone Age, mwachitsanzo chomaliza wa Age Stone. Ndipo amadziŵika kuti nthawi zitatu za chitukuko: zofunika, wapakatikati ndi latsopano. Aliyense amakhala ndi ena zinthu zapadera. Mwasayansi nthawi awa akutchedwa Paleolithic, Mesolithic, ndipo potsiriza Neolithic. Table wosazindikira mbiri zikusonyeza makhalidwe a lililonse.

Wotchuka English katswiriyo chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi atumwi Lubbock otchedwa Neolithic Palaeolithic chitsutso - nthawi ina ya Age Stone. Mbali zake khalidwe ndi kukhalapo kwa nthaka ndi kubowola zipangizo.

Pamene nthawi ya Neolithic?

Tsiku limene cha chiyambi cha nthawi iyi sangathe dzina, chifukwa ena mbewu mwalowa izo, pamene ena - Patapita. Anthu oyamba amene adzipangira patsogolo ndipo anafika pa msinkhu wina wa chitukuko mbiri, panali anthu okhala m'dera la Middle East wina 9,5 zikwi. BC. Ndi pa nthawiyi amagwirizana kusintha kwa appropriating mtundu chikhalidwe (nyama komanso kukafufuza) kupanga zakudya (ulimi nyama, horticulture ndi ulimi). Mu mbiri ya anthu Neolithic imatengedwa chidwi mutu chiyambi poyerekeza ndi Mesolithic ndi Paleolithic. Mu kuphunzira za makhalidwe a aliyense nthawi ya zindikirani Stone Age mmene zinthu zatsopano zambiri zinachitika wachitatu ndi womaliza nyengo. Komabe, kupitirira Kutulukira zida mwala, ngakhale kwambiri mwaluso ndiponso mwaluso inayake nthaŵi, anthufe sanapite. Mwachidule, nyengo Neolithic itha chimodzimodzi pamene m'malo zida mwala kubwera zitsulo. Pambuyo pake, monga mukudziwa, anabwera yamkuwa, yachitsulo ndi zaka zina. Komabe, mpaka mu dziko pali mitundu (mafuko American ndi okhala pazilumba za Oceania), amene si koma wadutsa Neolithic kwa Iron Age. Ndipo ngati tingayerekezere kuti, kenako tikhoza kunena kuti nthawi ili zisanathe anamaliza kwa anthu onse. Mwachidule, ngakhale Iron Age kapena Neolithic - izo siziri mumve nthawi. Koma dera lathu, apa, siteji anayamba mozungulira wachisanu Zakachikwi BC ndipo zinatha mpaka lachitatu, kuti ndi zaka 2,000.

Kodi anapatsa anthu Neolithic?

Inde, zinthu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zida ngakhale iwo anali opangidwa ndi miyala, koma sanali monga wosazindikira monga Paleolithic ndi Mesolithic. opukutidwa awo, kupanga m'mbali see ndi akuthwa, iwo mokhomerera mabowo akamavutika (wosazindikira mphero). anthu Neolithic komanso chinkhoswe mu kuluka ndi kutulutsa kwa kavalidwe zosavuta ndi chophimba, iwo amene ankakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja, chinkhoswe mu kugwira nsomba ndi anthu ena a madamu. Nsomba m'matangadza, komanso nyama, umatulutsa kusakasaka, pamodzi ndi mtedza, zipatso ndi mizu osiyana analola anthu akale nthawi zina kukhala malo amodzi, ndiye, kuchokera kutembenukira mu wongosamukasamuka kuthetsedwa. Ndipo uyu, nayenso, zinachititsa pomanga midzi koyamba kakang'ono ndipo kenako mizinda. Amangokhala kunathandiza kuti zikamera wa ziwiya zadothi ndi mbiya. Zoyesayesa woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito dongo monga chuma kupanga ziwiya ndi ziwiya zina zasintha mu Middle East, ku midzi ya Jarmo, Çatalhöyük ndi Hacılar. Koma ku Far East anali okalamba chikhalidwe Jomon. Anthu a m'dera osati anayamba ndi ntchito mbiya, koma atabweretsanso mitundu ya m'munda ndi masamba zomera. Monga mbali European a mafuko Neolithic analipo mu magawo oyambirira okha Greece.

Mzinda yakale kwambiri mu dziko, zinayambira mu nthawi Neolithic

Monga tanenera kale, kumanga mizinda yoyambirira wayamba pa Chatsopano Stone Age. The wamkulu wa iwo anali Yeriko. Izo zinachitika pa mapeto a Mesolithic ndi oyambirira Neolithic. mzinda wamangidwa m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Yordano, komwe tsopano ndi Palestine. Pomanga mizinda yoyamba cholinga wakhala pa chitetezo wazingidwa. Ndipo limanena kuti nthawi anthu pakati pa mizinda ya nkhondo zinkachitikira. Choncho, gulu lankhondo nthawi zonse, zomwe wolemekezeka akuluakulu a asilikali apangidwa. Mwa chidule, Neolithic - ndi nthawi imene chitukuko woyamba anabadwa, komanso malo aakulu anthu - mzinda yotchedwa.

Kukwera Neolithic

Ndithudi, zimene zinachitika mu nyengo yakale imeneyi, izo angatchedwe kusintha. Choyamba, ndi kusintha kwa foraging kuti chuma zipatso, zikamera wa mbiya (kwa nthawi yoyamba mu oyambirira chikhalidwe Japanese), zikamera wa mizinda, mapangidwe gulu lankhondo la akatswiri zikugwira nsomba, ulimi, ndi ena.

siteji Neolithic

Asayansi kusiyanitsa nthawi zitatu za chitukuko cha nyengo iyi: oyambirira, pakati komanso mochedwa. Monga tanenera kale, muyenera amanena kuti munda kale mu Middle ndi Far East, ndipo mu gawo European - Greece. Pakati Neolithic mbiya ndi chitukuko ku Eastern Europe ndi ku China. Chachitatu, otsiriza siteji - mochedwa Neolithic. A kukuchitika chitukuko ndi tauni yomwe ili m'malire a China ano.

Features cha moyo m'nyengo ya "Stone Age"

The kusintha kwa moyo wongokhala kwachititsa kuti anthu anayamba kumanga nyumba wamphamvu ndi zambiri zisathe. Ndi chitukuko cha ziwiya zadothi ndi mbiya za ntchito yomanga nyumba zawo wosazindikira oyambirira anthu anayamba kutulutsa midadada dongo. Izi zinalili mumzinda pafupi wina ndi mnzake. Choncho anayamba kuoneka m'madera onsewo. Near kuthetsa anayamba kukhala m'dziko kuti akhale ndi chakudya. Izo zinachitika kuweta winawake nyama zomwe zachititsa kuti chitukuko cha kuswana ng'ombe. Wina nthambi ya chuma cha dziko, amene anayambitsa ndipo anayamba mu nthawi Neolithic - Chotsimikizika. Anthu a m'midzi kumene nucleated chomwe pambuyo anatembenuka mu mzinda, kunali kofunika kupanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana: katundu housewares, .. mfundo zovala, wosazindikira mipando, zodzikongoletsera, etc. Mwa njira, mbali yofunika ya nthawi Neolithic ndi zikamera wa kuluka. Kumene, izi sizinachitike yomweyo. Zisanachitike, anthu aphunzira yokhotakhota madengu ndi maukonde.

kuwombola

Aliyense wa mafuko anaima amisiri amene bwino anakwanitsa kupanga zinthu zina zenizeni. Ndiko kuti, ankaziona monga ambuye wa luso lawo ndipo anayamba kukonzekera zinthu izi osati kwa dziko lawo, komanso mafuko oyandikana. Choncho ananyamuka mfundo tsintho.

Mwala - mitundu waukulu wa miyala mu nthawi Neolithic

mtundu uwu wa anthu a nthawi imeneyi, ncho m'njira ziwiri: kusonkhanitsa pamwamba pa zigwa mtsinje ndi kupanga m'migodi, kuti chinali chiyambi cha migodi. Ntchito mwala kulenga zipangizo ntchito mu njira zingapo: .. Retouched, amgwirizano upholstery, tchipisi, etc. Kenako ambuye ndi akupeza njira zatsopano, ndicho mphero, akupera ndi kumaliza. Ndi maluso awa, armourers anayamba kupanga zida konsekonse. Choncho kwa handpieces ntchito fupa. Mipeni kuphatikiza onse fupa ndi mwala mwatsatanetsatane. zinthu zina kuti wafunsira zaka Neolithic - zaka zipangizo zatsopano mwala - ndi nkhwangwa, tchizulo, kasemasema, chisel, etc. cha kubwera kwa nkhwangwa anthu tinatha kumanga ngalawa, Hiramu anatumiza, nyumba matabwa, etc ....

art

anthu Neolithic komanso gravitated kuti luso losiyanasiyana. Zithunzi anatengedwa nthawi imeneyi, pakhala kudzutsidwa anthu ntchito maganizo. Zithunzi zojambulidwa bwino zikhoza kuganiziridwa odzipereka malongosoledwe a nkhondo. Rock kupenta limatiuza za zimene zinachitika mu nyengo imeneyo. Chochititsa chidwi ndi zojambula pa dera la Norway ano. Kodi anthu ndi zinyama wopereŵera chithunzi chimene chikusonyeza maganizo chabe. Zinthu zina amalembedwa mu mawonekedwe a akalumikidzidwa zojambula, ndiko kuti, zikutanthauza zinthu izi, koma sanali pochitika iwo chimodzimodzi.

Pomaliza

Neolithic - New Stone Age, nthawi yomalizira pamaso pa anthu anatulukira zida zachitsulo ku M'badwo Stone kwa Mkuwa anawoloka.