Nikolai Novikov - wolemba, mtolankhani ndi wophunzitsa. yachitika zikuluzikulu za njira moyo Nikolaya Novikova

M'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mu mbiri ya dziko lathu anali wolemera mu maina luso la anthu omwe anapanga mbiri kusuntha mu Choonadi zaumunthu malangizo. Mmodzi mwa anthu amenewo anali owala ndi choyambirira mtolankhani wolemba ndi mphunzitsi Nikolai Novikov.

Taganizirani mbiri ndi ntchito yaikulu ya mwatsatanetsatane ichi mwamuna zambiri.

Yachitika yonena: ubwana, wachinyamata, zaka kuphunzira ndi moyo

Novikov Nikolay Ivanovich anabadwa mu Moscow, pa chuma cha makolo ake Tikhvin-Avdotyino, mu 1744. banja lake a banja zabwino.

Childhood Nicholas zinachitika mu malo chete kunyumba, mphunzitsi wake woyamba anali sexton m'mudzimo. Kenako, mnyamata analowa Moscow olemekezeka sekondale, imene anachotsedwa mu 1760 kuti "ulesi".

Pambuyo chowasiyanitsa ku sukulu Nikolai Novikov sanali amachita chisoni, ndipo anathera nthawi yake ufulu kuwerenga mabuku. Patapita zaka zingapo, mu 1762, iye m'gulu yapamwamba Izmailovo Regiment. Akutengedwa mwachisawawa zokhumba nyumba, zomwe zinachititsa kuti mphamvu mu dziko anadza kwa Ekaterina Velikaya, Novikov anapangidwa wapolisi za lamulo latsopano la mfumukazi ya.

Catherine anapeza ntchito ophunzira komanso kuwerenga mnyamata. Nikolai Novikov anali m'gulu chiwerengero cha akuluakulu, amene anauzidwa kuti ntchito ntchito tsogolo la dziko malamulo. Amadziwika kuti Nikolai Ivanovich ndi chikumbumtima kwambiri za udindo wake watsopano ndi magulu onse adafunafuna zimathandizanso Lathu.

utolankhani

Nikolai Novikov analowa mbiri Russian monga mtolankhani luso ndi wofalitsa. Mu 1769 iye anasiya usilikali ndipo anapezerapo loto lake: wolemba (ndi aphunzitsi ambiri) ankakhulupirira kuti polankhula kwa anthu odziwa bwino, mungathe kusintha anthu kuti akhale abwino. Chida cha nkhondo awo, iye anasankha Zotengera.

Novikov anayamba kufalitsa magazini angapo. Iwo ankatchedwa "Drone", "chikwama", "zojambulajambula", "Chatterbox". Mabuku amenewa Novikov akufuna kuti choseketsa mores nthawi yake: iye ankalimbikitsa kusintha zinthu maphunziro ndi maphunziro, anafotokoza zolakwa za serfdom, umbuli ndi chilungamo chikhalidwe. Nthawi zambiri umakhala wa zofewa ndi kudzudzulidwa zimene boma.

adani ake magazini atenga udindo poyerekezera ndi kope boma cha "Zina Zambiri", amene amachirikiza ndi Catherine Wamkulu.

Mwachibadwa, magazini lofalitsidwa Novikov, anatseka ndi akuluakulu chifukwa cha udindo wawo molimba mtima ndiponso paokha.

zolemba Pedagogical

Zambiri za moyo wake anafunika kupanga Nikolai Novikov, ndi yonena za munthu - chitsimikiziro bwino.

Mumadziwika Nikolai ndi mmene kuwala mphunzitsi. Iye analemba mabuku ambirimbiri analandira makolo ndi aphunzitsi. Ndi, monga ulamuliro, ntchito journalistic ndi ntchito yapadera ya wolemba mu pedagogy.

Novikov kwenikweni amalenga chiphunzitso chake maphunziro zochokera maganizo choonadi ndi umunthu. Iye amakana zotsatira maphunziro a kumenya ana, umatiuza za kufunika kwa makolo kumvetsera kwambiri kwa maphunziro a achinyamata kukonda ana awo, kuzindikiritsa maganizo awo chidziwitso, ndi moyo - zitsanzo zabwino.

Novikov makamaka amayimira maphunziro abwino ndipo analeredwa wa achinyamata mu banja ndi kusukulu. Akukamba za kufunika kukana kutengerapo ana ndi kusamalira aphunzitsi ganyu ndi antchito, komanso kufunika kwa mwayi wofanana wamaphunziro kwa anyamata ndi atsikana.

Masonic mphanga

Novikov Nikolai Ivanovich anali membala wa mphanga Masonic - wamphamvu chinsinsi bungwe wamba zaka zimenezo mu Europe ndi ku Russia.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa msonkhano wa kena kachipembedzo kotchedwa Freemasons Novikov anali mu 1775 - izo anakopeka lingaliro la choonadi, kulemekeza makhalidwe abwino, kukhumba kwa chilengedwe cha dongosolo latsopano chikhalidwe.

Amaganiza kuti unayatsa sitolo pa University Moscow, Novikov analenga chifukwa cha thandizo la osema miyala anzake. Malingaliro a Chiprotestanti Freemasonry unkagwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri wolemba.

Kumangidwa ndi zaka za kunyalanyaza

Zinali maganizo ake Novikov zowawa.

Mu 1792 mkulu wa Mfumukazi, anamangidwa ndipo anaikidwa Schlisselburg linga. Mlandu wolemba anasonyeza kuti iye anafalitsa lachinsinsi Chiprotestanti ndi Masonic mabuku kuposa maganizo osokonezeka a m'nthawi yake.

Pali kopanda a mbiri, malinga ndi zimene ankayembekezera kulowa ufumu - mwana wa Paulo Mfumukazi - chisoni mfundo za kena kachipembedzo kotchedwa Freemasons ndi azimvetsa Novikov, kotero mayi wake wachifumu anali okhwima malinga ndi wolemba.

Mwa njira, nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa imfa ya amayi Pavel Novikov kumasulidwa ku linga la. Komabe, iye anavomereza kuti, wataya thanzi onse m'ndendemo. Pa chifuniro, anasiya lofooka akale munthu amene ankafuna chinthu chimodzi chokha - mtendere ndi chisokonezeko.

Nikolay Ivanovich Novikov, amene yonena ladzala ndi zokwera ndi zotsika, iye anakhala mpumulo wa zaka ake kumudzi makolo, kusamalira wamba ndi kutsogolera moyo chete. Iye anafa mu 1818 ndipo anaikidwa m'manda mu chikhalidwe chake.