Nitrifying mabakiteriya. Kutanthauza mabakiteriya nitrifying

Ndi mtundu wa chakudya zamoyo zonse zodziwika moyo anawagawa mitundu iwiri lalikulu kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi ndi autotrophs. Chinthu chapadera wa yamasika luso lawo kudzimvera yomanga zinthu zatsopano mpweya woipa ndi zina zinthu zochita kupanga.

zopangira magetsi amene amathandiza ntchito zawo zofunika, ungagaŵanitse awo mu fotoaftotrofy (gwero - kuunika) ndipo chemoautotrophs (gwero - mchere zinthu). Ndipo malingana ndi dzina la gawo lapansi, amene oxidized hemoavtortofy, iwo anawagawa hydrogen ndi nitrifying mabakiteriya, komanso sulfure ndi chitsulo mabakiteriya.

Nkhaniyi itithandiza kuganizira ambiri mwa iwo ndi gulu - nitrofitsiruyuschim mabakiteriya.

History of anapeza

Back m'ma 19 m'ma asayansi German inatsimikizira kuti kwachilengedwenso ndondomeko nitrification. Empirically izo zasonyeza kuti pamene anawonjezera kuti zimbudzi madzi chloroform anasiya amoniya makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Koma chifukwa chake izi ziri chomwecho, iwo sakanakhoza.

Ichi chidachitika Patapita zaka zingapo Russian wasayansi Vinogradskaya. Iye anasankha magulu awiri mabakiteriya, amene pang'onopang'ono anatenga gawo mu ndondomeko ya nitrification. Choncho, gulu lina oxidizing amoniya kupereka asidi nitrous, ndi kokha gulu lachiwiri la mabakiteriya udindo kusintha ake mu nitric. Onse amene ndondomeko imeneyi, nitrifying mabakiteriya ndi galamu-negative.

Features kwa ndondomekoyi makutidwe ndi okosijeni

The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe nitrite ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni ammonium ali magawo angapo, imene mankhwala asafe anapanga ndi osiyana wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni gulu NH.

The mankhwala oyamba ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni ammonium wa hydroxylamine. Ambiri mwina ndi kwaiye chifukwa cha kulolerana kwa mpweya maselo mu gulu NH _4, ngakhale ndondomeko izi definitively kutsimikiziridwa ndi adakali loyenerera.

Kenako, hydroxylamine ndi kutembenukira ku nitrite. Moti ndondomeko ikuchitika kudzera mapangidwe NOH (giponitrita) ndi kutulutsidwa kwa okusayidi nitrous. Pankhaniyi, asayansi amakhulupirira ulimi wa nitrous okusayidi chabe chochokera kwa kaphatikizidwe, chifukwa cha ayambe nitrite.

Kupatula pa malonda a zinthu mankhwala a, wambirimbiri mphamvu adzamasulidwa pa denitrofikatsii. Mofanana ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku zamoyo heterotrophic aerobic, mu nkhani iyi kaphatikizidwe ATP amagwirizana ndi njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni-kuchepetsa, chifukwa cha zomwe ma elekitironi ndi kunditumiza ku oxygen.

Mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa nitrite, udindo waukulu ankaimba ndi zoyendera n'zosiyana wa ma elekitironi. kulolerana ake mu dera la ma elekitironi amapezeka mwachindunji mu cytochromes ndi (P-mtundu ndi / kapena A-mtundu), ndipo izi zimafunika ndalama mphamvu mwachilungamo lalikulu. Chifukwa, chemoautotrophic nitrifying mabakiteriya mokwanira wotetezedwa mwa kundipatsako zofunika mphamvu, amene ntchito njira yomanga ndi kuloŵerera mpweya woipa.

Mitundu mabakiteriya nitrifying

Mu gawo loyamba la nitrification kutenga mitundu inayi nitrobaktery gawo:

• nitrosomonas;
• nitrotsistis;
• nitrosolyubus;
• nitrosospira.

Mwa njira, inu mukhoza kuwona mabakiteriya nitrifying (chithunzi pansi maso a) pa chithunzi akufuna.

Ndi kuyesera pakati pawo ndi zovuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri n'zosatheka olera chimodzi cha mbewu, kotero review awo kwakukulukulu wathunthu. Onse tizilombo awa ndi kukula kwa 2-2.5 microns, ndipo makamaka chowulungika kapena kuzungulira mawonekedwe (kupatula nitrospiry amene mawonekedwe a timitengo). Angathe fission bayinare ndi malangizo chifukwa michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana.

Mu gawo lachiwiri la nitrification kutenga gawo:

• nitrobakter mtundu;
• nitrospina mtundu;
• nitrokokus.

Kwambiri kuphunzira kupsyinjika mabakiteriya a mtundu nitrbakter ndi dzina polemekeza anatulukira ake Vinogradski. Izi mabakiteriya nitrifying ndi maselo peyala woboola pakati kubereka ikuphukira kupanga mafoni (chifukwa bakiteriya udzakhalire) mwana wamkazi selo.

Kapangidwe ka bakiteriya

Nitrifitsiruyushie ankafufuza mabakiteriya ndi ofanana dongosolo ma zamoyo zina galamu-negative. Ena a iwo bwino anayamba dongosolo mkati nembanemba, chimulu n'kupanga pakati pa foni, pomwe ena iwo anakonza pa periphery dongosolo kapena kupanga chikho wopangidwa mwa zigawo zingapo. Zikuoneka kuti ndi mabungwe awa kugwirizana michere ali nawo makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa nitrifiers magawo enieni.

Mtundu wa chakudya mabakiteriya nitrifying

Nitrobakterii ndi ziyenera autotrophs chifukwa sangathe ntchito exogenous zinthu organic. Komabe, ndi kuyesera koma anasonyeza mphamvu tizilombo ta ena mabakiteriya nitrifying ntchito zina mankhwala organic.

Anapeza kuti ndi gawo lapansi munali yisiti autolysates, serine ndi glutamate mu woipa otsika, zolimbikitsa njira bwanji kukula nitrobaktery. Izi zimachitika onse pamaso pa nitrite, ndipo sitili kwake mu sing'anga, ngakhale njira msanga kwambiri. Tikawonetsetsa pamaso pa nitrite ndondomeko nthochi makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi kuletsedwa, koma kulolerana ake mpweya mu mapuloteni, ndi zidulo zosiyanasiyana kwa amino ndi mbali zina ma kumawonjezera kwambiri.

Chifukwa cha zatsopano angapo, deta chinapezeka kuti nitrifying mabakiteriya angathe kusinthana kwa zakudya heterotrophic, koma kuti zokolola ndi utali iwo akhoza kukhalapo wotere, zidzaoneka. Pamene deta zimatsutsana kudzatunga mfundo yomaliza pa nkhaniyi.

Habitat ndi mtengo wa mabakiteriya nitrifying

Nitrifying mabakiteriya ndi chemoautotrophs ndipo ambiri chikhalidwe. Zikupezeka ponseponse: m'nthaka, magawo osiyanasiyana, komanso mchere. Pokonza moyo wawo kwambiri kumathandiza kuti mukhale asafe mkombero mu chikhalidwe , ndi zoona kufika kwambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, bakiteriya monga nitrotsistis Oceanus kutali ndi nyanja ya Atlantic, amatanthauza ziyenera halophiles. Iye angakhoze kokha kulibe m'nyanjamo kapena magawo okhala izo. Pakuti tizilombo amenewa si ofunika malo, koma zokhazikika monga pH ndi kutentha.

Onse amene akudziwika nitrifying bakiteriya ndi ziyenera aerobes. Kuti oxidize amoniya ku asidi nitrous, ndi asidi nitrous mu nitric, ayenera oxygen.

moyo

Mfundo ina yofunika, komwe kunasonyeza asayansi chinali malo moyo mabakiteriya nitrifying ayenera mulibe kanthu organic. chiphunzitso anali okalamba kuti tizilombo izi sangathe mfundo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala organic kuchokera kunja. Iwo ukutchedwa ngakhale autotrophs ziyenera.

Kenako, shuga zoipa chikoka zatsimikiziridwa mobwerezabwereza, urea, peptone, glycerol ndi zina organic mu mabakiteriya nitrifying, koma lekani experimenting.

Kutanthauza mabakiteriya nitrifying kwa nthaka

Mpaka posachedwapa kuti ankakhulupirira kuti nitrifying zotsatira opindulitsa pa chonde m'nthaka ndi kuwonjezeka pogawanikana pamawere yake nitrate ammonium. Yotsirizira si bwino kokha chosakanikirana ndi zomera, koma ndi wa eni kuwonjezera solubility ena mchere.

Komabe, maganizo sayansi zayambika m'zaka za posachedwapa. Anawulula zoyipa za tizilombo zikufotokozedwa mu chonde dothi. Nitrifying mabakiteriya kupanga nitrate, malo acidic, amene si nthawi zonse chinthu chenicheni, komanso digiri wamkulu wa machulukitsidwe wa nthaka chikwiyire ayoni ammonium kuposa ku feteleza. Komanso, ku feteleza ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa mphamvu N ₂ (pansi denitrifakatsii), womwe kumabweretsa zikutha m'mayiko nthaka ndi asafe.

ngozi nitrifying mabakiteriya chiyani?

Ena mitundu nitrobaktery pamaso pa gawo lapansi wopanda feteleza akhoza oxidize ammonium, kupanga hydroxylamine, ndipo kenako nitrites ndi ku feteleza. Komanso chifukwa cha maganizo kumachitika asidi hydroxamic. Kuwonjezera apo, chiwerengero cha tizilombo m'kati nitrification mankhwala osiyanasiyana, monga asafe (oximes, amines, amides, hydroxamates, ndi mankhwala ena nitro).

The lonse heterotrophic nitrification akamaziwononga, kungakhale osati yaikulu, komanso zoipa. Vuto lagona pa mfundo yakuti pa kusintha maganizo amapezeka mapangidwe poizoni, mutagens ndipo carcinogens. Choncho, asayansi akhala akugwira ntchito kwambiri pa phunziro la nkhaniyi.

Tizilombo fyuluta, amene nthawi zonse pa dzanja

Nitrifying mabakiteriya - si lingaliro umboni, koma tonsefe tili ndi moyo. Komanso, nthawi zambiri ntchito ndi munthu.

Mwachitsanzo, mu sefa kwachilengedwenso kwa m'chere zokhala m'malo owetera monga mabakiteriya izi. Mtundu wa chithandizo ndi zotsikirako mtengo ndipo si monga ntchito kwambiri monga mankhwala makina, koma pa nthawi yomweyo amafuna kugwilizana ndi zinthu zina kuonetsetsa kukula ndi ntchito ya mabakiteriya nitrifying.

The microclimate yabwino kwambiri kwa iwo ndi kutentha chilengedwe (mu madzi choncho) za 25-26 madigiri Celsius, otaya zonse mpweya ndi kukhalapo kwa zomera za m'madzi.

mabakiteriya Nitrifying mu ulimi

Pofuna kuonjezera zokolola, alimi ntchito feteleza osiyana munali mabakiteriya nitrifying.

nthaka zakudya mu nkhani anapereka izi nitrobakteriyami ndi Azotobacter. mabakiteriya awa kuchotsedwa zinthu nthaka ndi madzi zofunikira zomwe kupanga ndondomeko makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndalama m'malo lalikulu mphamvu. Izi otchedwa chemosynthesis ndondomeko pamene mphamvu analandira amapita ku mapangidwe maselo organic kwa mpweya woipa komanso madzi.

tizilombo izi si mwa kundipatsako kwa zakudya ku malo awo - iwo zingabweretse zawo. Choncho ngati msipu wauwisi, amenenso ali autotrophic, ayenera dzuwa, ndiye mabakiteriya nitrification si koyenera.

nthaka kudziletsa kuyeretsa

Nthaka - ndi gawo lapansi wangwiro kukula ndi kubalana zomera osati kokha, komanso zamoyo anthu ambiri. Choncho n'kofunika kwambiri kuti boma mwake, komanso kuwapatsa zikuchokera.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nthaka kwachilengedwenso kuyeretsedwa amapereka monga mabakiteriya nitrifying. Iwo ali mu nthaka, humus kapena malo, atatembenuzidwa amoniya amene secrete tizilombo tina ndi zinyalala zipangizo, ku feteleza (kukhala enieni kwambiri, ndi nitric asidi mchere). Ntchito yonse imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri:

1. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa amoniya kuti nitrite.
2. The makutidwe ndi okosijeni a nitrite kwa nitrate.

Choncho sitepe iliyonse amaperekedwa ndi mitundu ina ya tizilombo.

Otchedwa uzingopitirira

Dera la mphamvu ndi kukonzanso moyo Padziko Lapansi ndi zotheka chifukwa cha kusunga malamulo ena a kuli zamoyo zonse. Koyamba n'zovuta kumvetsa zimene uli pangozi, koma kwenikweni wosavuta.

Tiyeni tiyerekeze chithunzi otsatirawa a buku sukulu:

1. zipangizo Mankwala ndi kukonzedwa ndi tizilombo chotero kulenga zinthu yabwino m'nthaka zomera zikule ndi zakudya.
2. Nawonso, ndi gwero singasiyanitsidwe ndi mphamvu herbivores kwambiri.
3. Unyolo zotsatirazi chisamaliro moyo ndi ogwirira mphamvu zimene ziripo, motero, a anzawo zamiyendo Inayi.
4. Anthu amene amadziwika kuti ndine zolusa pamwamba, ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti tilandire mphamvu kuchokera dziko zomera ndi nyama.
5. Ndi nzeru zathu kuti moyo zatsalira, komanso zomera ambiri ndi nyama, kutumikira monga gawo lapansi michere kwa tizilombo.

Choncho, uzingopitirira, ndipo amapereka moyo mosalekeza ikugwira ntchito mwa zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi. Kudziwa mfundo zimenezi sikovuta kulingalira momwe m'zigawozigawo ndi mphamvu kwenikweni malire a chilengedwe ndi zamoyo zonse.

Pomaliza

M'nkhani ino ife tayesera kuti tiyankhe funso, kodi mabakiteriya nitrifying mu zamoyo. Monga mukuonera, ngakhale umboni wamphamvu wa moyo, kugwira ntchito ndi zotsatira za tizilombo izi, pali zambiri maganizo amene amafuna kuwonjezera maphunziro experimental.

Nitrifying mabakiteriya a chemotroph. Mphamvu atumikile zosiyanasiyana mchere. Ngakhale kukula kwake kakang'ono, zamoyo izi ndi amadza yaikulu zikuchitika.

Monga amadziwika, chemotroph sangathe metabolize mankhwala organic ali mu gawo lapansi (dothi kapena madzi). Iwo M'malo mwake, kutulutsa zomangila kwa chilengedwe cha moyo ndipo likugwira maselo.