Nkhani za khalidwe la anthu ndi mapangidwe ake m'mbiri

sayansi aliyense ali chabe, yomwe ndi chotsatira chake cha abstraction ongolankhula, ndi kuti amalola kuunikila dongosolo zina za chitukuko ndi ntchito pamalowo. The kulunjika za khalidwe la anthu ndi kuti amaphunzira anthu. Choncho tiyeni tione mmene kudziwa nkhani anayambitsa Chaanthu.

Ogyust Kont, amene anayambitsa mawu akuti "Chaanthu" ankakhulupirira kuti phunziro la sayansi Ndi anthu kwathunthu, ozikidwa pa chilolezo konsekonse. Yotsirizira zimakhala umodzi wa mbiri ya munthu ndi umunthu yokha. woyambitsa wina wa sayansi, Chingerezi wasayansi Herbert Spencer, adapereka moyo wake wonse, kuyang'ana kutsogolo kwa bourgeois anthu, amene kusiyanitsidwa monga ilo limakula ndi kupitiriza kusamala zikomo kukhulupirika kwa mabungwe atsopano chikhalidwe. Malinga ndi Spencer, nkhani za khalidwe la anthu - anthu, zinthu udindo wa chamoyo chikhalidwe imene njira integrative pamodzi zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha zamoyo wa mabungwe chikhalidwe.

Karl Marx, amene wakhala moyo wake mu England, zotsutsa ndi chiphunzitso cha Comte ndi Spencer. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti Marx ankaona kuti bourgeois anthu ali sagwirizana ndipo m'malo ndi zokomera. Posachedwa analenga zamoyo wake, umene amatanthauziridwa kuti lingaliro zakuthupi wa mbiri. Malinga ndi iye, kampani woterewu likuvutika malingaliro, koma likuvutika nkhani mphamvu zipatso. Potsatira mfundo imeneyi, nkhani ya Sociology - chitaganya dongosolo wopanda feteleza, kukhala mbali ya mgwirizano ndi kukhulupirika kudzera mwa gulu la kulimbana ndi kusintha zinthu.

Choncho, anayambitsa sayansi anavomereza kuti nkhani ya iye akutumikira kwa anthu chenicheni. Direct udindo mu mapangidwe mosiyana achita chikhalidwe-nzeru abwino komanso njira ndale.

Gawo lachiwiri la chitukuko cha sayansi zokhudza chitukuko ku umodzi wa njira ndi. Woimira nthawi ya kumbali oyambirira ongolankhula ndi methodological tingachipeze powerenga. Panthawi imeneyi (ya 80s kwa zaka za m'ma 19 - asanayambe nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse) kupita chitukuko cha zofunika mfundo methodological kafukufuku chikhalidwe, kuzindikira njira kuti nkhaniyi ndi njira yodalirika deta wazotsatira pa izo. Athandiza Kwambiri mbali iyi imene German Katswiri F. tenesi. Mu ntchito ya sayansi iye kusanthula ziwerengero chikhalidwe, maphunziro wazotsatira wa kalasi m'munsi wa Hamburg ankafufuza boma la upandu ndi mlingo wa zilakolako kwa kudzipha. Motero, ntchito anaonekera Chaanthu wazotsatira monga chilango lofotokoza.

Malinga tennis, Chaanthu chinthu anapanga yonse ya chikhalidwe, anthu ndi dera, zomwe ndi zochokera kwa anzake a anthu ankayenda mwa chifuniro. Komabe, nkhani ndi magwero adzatsala kwambiri. Mu nthawi yomweyo, Adler amagwira akuyendayenda nkhani ya Sociology chikhalidwe, ndicho zinthu zokhudza mapangidwe chikhalidwe ndi kutsata mfundo zikuluzikulu. Komabe, patapita chiphunzitso ichi chakhala kudzudzulidwa.

Sitepe yotsatira inali pakhale okhwima zapamwamba ongolankhula ndi methodological. Nthawiyi inatenga ku First World nkhondo ndi zaka 70 za m'ma 20. Mutu ndi njira za sayansi ndi wapafupi. Woimira gawo ili ndi Chirasha American Katswiri Pitirim Sorokin, analenga "dongosolo la Chaanthu" imene inachokera pa chiphunzitso ndi njira ya muyeso wa sayenda chikhalidwe. Malinga ndi iye, dziko - akonzedwa zenizeni za anthu zimavuta, kumene udindo wa nkhaniyi zimadalira zochita zake m'minda ya sayenda chikhalidwe. Makonzedwe amenewa amafotokoza, poyamba pa zonse, nkhani za khalidwe la anthu.

Pa nthawi ino (cha m'ma 20 mochedwa, m'zaka za m'ma 21, tanthauzo latsopano la sayansi, zina chakale Malinga ndi iye, anthu akhala pa malo ndi nkhani za anthu monga khalidwe wotanganidwa pakati pa otsatira sanazengereze - .. A. Touraine ndi P. . Bourdieu, British MG woponya ndi Giddens panopa, akukumana ndi mafunso: Kodi anakana kumvetsa chakale cha phunziro, kapena kungoti akufunika chitukuko.