Nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets 1812

Kukonda dziko lako Nkhondo ya 1812 chaka - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa masamba ambiri amunamuna mbiri yathu anthu kwathunthu Russian asonyeza luso kulimbikitsa mu pangozi kunja. Ndipo ngakhale amaona kuti mwambo waukulu nkhondo ya Borodino, ndi nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets 1812 amakakamizidwa Napoleon kusiya dongosolo la anagonjetsa chigawo chakumwera kukhonda kuti abwerere pamodzi Smolensk msewu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, asilikali French anawonongedwa, ndipo asilikali a Russia anamasula Europe ndi kuyenda mu Paris.

prehistory

Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo September 14, 1812 asilikali Napoleon atalowa Moscow, mu kumbuyo kwake anacheukira zigawenga nkhondo. Makamaka mayunitsi zovuta mdani anakamba imayendetsedwa ndi Ivan Dorokhov, A. Seslavin, D. ndi A. Davydov Figner monga anawononga ngolo chakudya ndi chakudya. Pa yemweyo zomvetsa nthawi chifukwa kuukira kwa zigaŵenga zankhondo pa French Army mayunitsi zambiri anali ndithu mofanana ndi chiwerengero cha kuphedwa pa nkhondo yaikulu. Makamaka, 11 October Dorokhova kumuwombera anamasulidwa Vereya, smashing mutu wake battalion wa Westphalian Regiment, ndi zigaŵenga zankhondo alandira m'munsi yabwino kuukira zina monga Kaluga ndi Smolensk m'misewu. Chosowa chakudya ndi forage kwatanthauza kuti French anayamba kutaya kumenyana luso ngakhale anaponya mfuti chifukwa cha kusowa mahatchi. Poganizira zonsezi pamwambapa ndi chete ya Russian tsar pofuna kupereka mtendere, Napoleon anaganiza zochoka ku Moscow ndi kusamukira Smolensk kudzera Kaluga.

Zochita pamaso nkhondo

Pamaso tikukamba za nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets, muyenera kumvetsetsa mmene otsutsa ambiri ankhondo kunapezeka kuti pafupi ndi ang'ono ndi unremarkable mzinda, komwe pa nthawiyo ankakhala okha 1.5 zikwi. Choncho asilikali Napoleon ndi anayenda kuchokera imawonongeka likulu Russian pa October 19 ndi kuyenda wakale Kaluga msewu. Komabe, tsiku lotsatira, mfumu inalamula kutembenukira m'mudzi wa Troitskaya latsopano Kaluga msewu ndipo anatumiza patsogolo pa lamulo la vanguard wa stepson wake Evgeniya Bogarne, amene analanda mudzi wa October 21 Fominskoe. Litatha lipoti kuti mdani akhale mbali ya Maloyaroslavets, Kutuzov analamula Dokhturov kutchinga njira Kaluga. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Napoleon molakwika anamvetsa mchitidwe wa asilikali Russian kukonzekera nkhondo ndipo analamula Beauharnais kusiya tikupita chitsogolo, kuika ntchito kugawira numerically ka General Delzona.

Mumpanda French Maloyaroslavets

Pamene Delzon anafika kumzinda, meya Bykov analamula chiwonongeko cha mlatho chithaphwi chija. Komabe, sanaleke mdani oyenda kuwoloka mbali zina pa ntchito yomanga ndi pontoon mlatho ndi kutenga Maloyaroslavets, amene panthawiyo panalibe kuteteza. Pa nthawi yomweyo Mfumu yekha ndi mphamvu zazikulu msasa usiku Borovsk.

Nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets tsiku ndi zochitika zazikulu

Monga mukudziwa, mbiri yakale kwambiri chidwi mafunso a "pamene" ndi "kumene". Choncho, nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets cha 1812, ndilo tsiku - October 24, anayamba pa 5:00 am pamene Dokhturov anatumiza woyang'anira kuukira msilikali A. Bistrom. Zikwi asilikali a Regiment izi anakwanitsa dislodge ndi French wa kunja kwa mzinda, koma kwa maola 11 tsiku kuthandiza zokometsera anafika maalumali Beauharnais, ndipo kenako Napoleon yekha ndi mphamvu zazikulu. Tinalandira reinforcements ndi Russian, kotero madzulo nkhondoyo kale nawo mwa anthu 9000 ku mbali iliyonse. Patapita maola angapo, koma nkhondoyo osati osati zinaleka, koma anakula oopsa monga makamu afunkha mofulumira ndi maalumali onse atsopano.

Folo koloko nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets analowa mbali yake mwachangu. chakuti Kutuzov anatha kutenga udindo yabwino pamwamba ili 1-3 Km kum'mwera kwa mzinda, amene anachita chotheka kuletsa njira Kaluga. Pankhondoyi kwa mzinda moto chinakhalapo mpaka 10 koloko.

Events October 25-26

Mmawa wotsatira, m'malo Maloyaroslavets anali phulusa, ndipo mbali zonse kachiwiri nkhondo. Komabe, Field polimbana M. I. Kutuzov mwadzidzidzi analamula kuti abwerere ku malo okonzeka madzulo, akuitana zochita zawo anadabwa kuti mdani. mchitidwe uwu anali limodzi ndi gulu chinsinsi cha regiments angapo Platov, amene anawolokera Puddles mbali inayo ndipo anaukira French. Ndipo Napoleon yekha pang'onong'ono adani ndi anakakamizika lachiweruzo bungwe mu Gorodnya, zomwe umodzi-handedly anaganiza "ndikuganiza yekha wa asilikali chipulumutso." Choncho, nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets cha 1812, tsiku amasulidwe omwe - October 26, anathetsa mthunzi wa asilikali Napoleon pa Mozhaysk, kuti iye sanalonjeze chilichonse chabwino.

zotsatira

Tikayang'ana mbiri ya atsogoleri French asilikali, amene ali osiyanasiyana, asilikali Napoleon anamwalira kuchokera 3500 kuti anthu 6000. Malinga ndi mbali Russian, anaphedwa ndi wovulazidwa za alonda 6.700 ndi amuna. Ndipo palibe munthu moganizira zomvetsa mwa militiamen, amene mwina ambiri. Ngakhale mwa anthu onse, nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets pa nkhondo ya 1812 pambuyo pake amavomereza ndi azambiriyakale yaikulu njira kupambana kwa Kutuzov. Koma French, icho anachedwa kunyamuka ndi analanda asilikali a Napoleon chiyembekezo otsiriza kuyambiranso ndi nkhondo mu 1813.

Russian ankhondo, amene anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri nkhondo chifukwa bridgehead pa Puddles banki

Kuyankhula za nkhondo iliyonse, ndipo ngakhale koposa choncho, monga nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets pa nkhondo ya 1812 (zinachitika mu masiku oyambirira a mthunzi wa Napoleon ku Moscow), n'kosatheka kunena mawu ochepa za asilikali omwe anapita izo. Choncho, mu nkhondo kwa Luga bridgehead unachita kwambiri:

• Mikhail Kutuzov. Ngakhale pamaso Field polimbana chiyambi cha nkhondo anasonyeza masomphenya kwapadera ndipo anapanga wotchuka Tarutino kuzemba, anakakamizika Napoleon kusewera ndi malamulo a Russian. Chotsatira Kutuzov zinachititsa kuti mthunzi wa French, anali malo adzatengedwa njira Kaluga, zimene mdani sakanatha kutenga chifukwa cha kusowa kwa apakavalo amphamvu ndi zida zankhondo.
• M. Platov ndi D. Dokhturov. Kwa akazembe chifukwa cha zomwe nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets (1812) anali chiyambi cha mapeto a asilikali Great Napoleon a anati makamaka asilikali awiriwa - KUKHOZA zinenero kwambiri. Komanso, monga ife tikudziwira, mwa mbiri ya udindo waukulu ankaimba ndi mwayi, izo zinachitika tsiku pamaso nkhondo imeneyi. Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets cha 1812 (tsiku: October 24) si anakonza, ndipo ngati French sanamvere kayendedwe Dokhturov thupi yokonzekera nkhondo wanzeru ndipo anasiya kusuntha mbali Beauharnais, si kuchotsa zinthu zikanakhalira. Tikawonetsetsa pa nkhani ya kupereka Platov anali kumbali ya Napoleon, amene Cossacks sanathe kulanda. Koma nkhondoyo, anaona kuti zatha kale October 25, 1812!
• A. Seslavin. Osati udindo wotsiriza mu nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets (tsiku - 1812, October 24) kuti zotsatira zake zinali zabwino kwa asilikali Russian ndi zigaŵenga zankhondo ankaimba. Makamaka, detachment mkulu General Seslavin. mfundo ndi yakuti ngati linzake wake sanaone French asilikali kayendedwe, thupi Dokhturov, kukonza kuukira m'mudzi Fominskoe kuti mudzagonjetsedwa nkhondo inayambika.

akazembe French amene anali wolemekezeka okha mu nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets

Pakati pa asilikali a Napoleon nkhondoyi wolemekezeka:

• Evgeniy Bogarne. Icho chinali Viceroy la Italy anatenga Fominskoe, kukonza asilikali analanda Maloyaroslavets bambo ake omulera, ndipo iye ali ndi wake 4 Corps kukonzanso nalowa m'mudzi iye anamasulidwa woyang'anira Bistrom.
• Alexis Delzon. General Delzonu ulemu yolanda mzinda umene anayamba nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets. Komanso, Yesu anatsogolera adani ndipo anaphedwa mu nkhondo, monga mokomera msilikali wolimba.

Little odziwika ngwazi pa nkhondo

Chifukwa cha zochita anachita mu nkhondo chifukwa Maloyaroslavets, analandira mphoto zingapo zana tithe. Pakati pawo panali asilikali ambiri a 19 Jaeger Regiment, amene analowa adzaukira ndi Archpriest Vladimir Vasilkovsky. m'busa Izi wotchuka chifukwa kukhala mtumiki Russian choyamba, kupereka dongosolo la St. George mlingo chachinayi. A udindo waukulu mu nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets cha 1812 inatha mu mtima wa asilikali Kutuzov a, ankaimba ndi S. Belyaev, amene panthawiyo anali Dipatimenti mkulu wa kukhoti. Pamene French ankafuna kubweretsa pontoon mlatho, mnyamatayo anatenga anapatula damu, madzi anathamangira ankhondowo Kutsekeledwa.

Chernoostrozhsky Nicholas ansembe yotchedwa - mboni chete mbiriyakale

Pakali pano, mmodzi yekha amene anapulumuka, "umboni" timalimbana ndi Napoleon, umene unachitika pa magombe a mtsinje chithaphwi. Mfundo ndi kuti kuyambira mochedwa 16 m'ma masisitere ku Maloyaroslavets, mu 1812 kukhala pakati pa ntchito ya usilikali. Pambuyo wotchuka nkhondo ya m'tauni anaona kuti makomo buluu ya agulupa ndi chithunzi cha Mpulumutsi kwathunthu yokutidwa ndi kuda zipolopolo ndi shrapnel, koma nkhope ya Khristu osati yoonongeka kapena ndi chipolopolo limodzi. Iwo n'kulandiridwa monga chozizwitsa, ndi nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas Ine pa behest wa mfumu pa chipata panali mawu akuti "Zilonda okumbukira nkhondo French." Mwatsoka, mbale zimenezi kulibe, koma lero pa Blue Chipata, mukhoza kuona kuda zipolopolo moti ana lokonza kukumbukira.

Luso polemekeza ngwazi za nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets, unakhazikitsidwa m'ma 19

Pasanapite nthawi Tikachoka lachiwiri World nkhondo ndi Napoleon anthu Russian linayamba kukhazikitsa achikumbutso, amene anali kupitirizabe chikumbukiro cha wagwa. Anali nazonso ndipo nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets, mwachidule kudziwa yemwe ndi kovuta.

The chipilala woyamba polemekeza ngwazi za nkhondo imeneyi inali chachikulu cha St. Nicholas Church, anamanga pa zopereka za Russia, ndi odzipereka mu 1843. Komanso, chikumbutso 30 a chigonjetso Russian asilikali a nkhondo ndi Napoleonom Nikolay Ine analamula kukhazikitsa chipilala pansi nkhondo zonse wotchuka kwambiri, kuphatikizapo Maloyaroslavets. chipilala The anaponyedwa pa ndondomeko ya wamanga A. Adamini ndi kuziika izo mu lalikulu tawuni inatha mu October 1844. Mwatsoka, chipilala izi siinafike mpaka tsiku lino, popeza anawonongedwa mu 30 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo.

Luso kuti ngwazi za nkhondo, mu 20-21 zaka TH

Mu 1950 anaganiza kugawanitsa paki mzinda okumbukira akuvutika chifukwa cha nkhondo kukonda dziko lako ndi Napoleon. Wake anadziyesa kuzungulira awiri manda misa, chomwe asirikali anakwiriridwa, chifukwa chimene nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets pa nkhondo ya 1812 anali ndi udindo zinasintha. Ngakhale kale, polemekeza chikumbutso 100th chochitika ichi, awiri anawasema wa chipilala cha anakhazikitsidwa.

Woyamba wa auka awa pa phiri. Pakati pa zikuchokera ndi cholinga kupitirizabe chikumbukiro amene anapambana nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets, waima ndi pedestal ndi thanthwe limene mtanda yakwera. phazi asilikali ake kuika nkhata Polotsk Regiment, ndi pa malo pamaso chipilala Tingaone 3 munda mfuti chitsanzo 1812 ndi mtima piramidi.

Ponena za wachiwiri wa chipilala, izo lili lalikulu chomwecho ndi thanthwe ndi mtanda pamwamba pa zimene zikusonyeza chaka (nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets chinachitika mu 1812) ndi okhazikika chikwangwani cha chikumbutso lolembedwa ndi: 'Ngwazi makolo Chachisanu Corps ".

Komanso, pa mzinda pali manda wina misa ndi wodzichepetsa obelisk, komanso chojambulidwa cha 1812.

Kukumbukira zinthu zimene zinachitika mu Maloyaroslavets ndi zaka zoposa 200 zapitazo mu madera ozungulira, adzalemekezedwa lero. Makamaka, October 5, 2014 mu mzinda kukhazikitsa chipilala Archpriest B. Vasylkivska, lomwe linalembedwa ndi wojambula Shcherbakov.

Kumanganso nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets, 2014

Kumbukirani anamanganso a agogo mikono - ndi miyambo yabwino. Mu chimango cha kwa zaka zambiri padziko lonse ikuchitika kumanganso nkhondo zosiyanasiyana. Mu dziko lathu, woyamba maphwando amenewo unapangidwa bungwe ku mapeto a 80s, ndipo nthawi zambiri iwo Amakonda wotchuka nkhondo ziwiri World nkhondo II. Chaka chino, kumanganso nkhondo ya Maloyaroslavets (2014) zinachitika pa October 26, kuwonjezera kumenyana Makanema, kulengedwanso mwatsatanetsatane, omvera anaonanso perete zokongola, zokambirana kuti yopanga zida, ndipo anatenga gawo pa mpikisano zosiyanasiyana.

nkhondo zambiri za nkhondo mu 1812 mpaka muyaya mu mabuku a luso asilikali. Ngakhale, monga wolemba ndakatulo anati, onse Russia akukumbukira tsiku la Borodino, Maloyaroslavets nkhondo komanso ayenera kukhala mbadwa sanaiwale ngwazi ake.