Mikhail Speransky: yonena za moyo wake, ntchito, zithunzi

A boma odziwika ndi wokonzanso Mikhail Speransky (zaka za moyo: 1772-1839) chikudziwika ngati wolemba mapulogalamu angapo kusintha malamulo Russian kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIX. Iye anapulumuka nsonga ndi kuchepa ntchito yake, osati maganizo onse a wake anali zagwiridwa, koma dzina lake n'chimodzimodzi ndi malangizo owolowa manja, chomwe chingathe kukhala ndife pansi Alexander Ine ndi Nicholas I. ndi

ubwana

The States tsogolo Mikhail Speransky anabadwa January 1, 1772 mu Vladimir Province. Iye anali chiyambi odzichepetsa - bambo ake ankagwira ntchito mu mpingo, ndipo mayi ake anali mwana wa dikoni. Ndi makolo kwambiri mukopedwe chikhalidwe ndi zofuna za mwanayo. Mwamsanga aphunzira kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga kwambiri. Great chikoka pa Misha anali agogo kuti ambiri amapita ku tchalitchi ndipo anayambitsa mdzukulu wake ndi mabuku ofunika kwambiri monga "Book of Maola" ndi "Mtumwi."

Ngakhale pambuyo okwera lake Mikhail Speransky sanaiwale za chiyambi chawo. Monga Mlembi wa State, iye kutsukidwa chipinda chake ndi zambiri ankasiyana kudzichepetsa tsiku ndi tsiku ndiponso makhalidwe ake.

Michael anayamba maphunziro ake pulogalamu 1780 mu mpanda wa Vladimir diocesan seminare. Ndi chifukwa cha luso lapadera kwa mnyamata kwa nthawi yoyamba opezeka pansi pa dzina la Speransky kuti anali mpweya buku la adjective Latin limatanthauza 'kudyetsa patsogolo. The atate wa mwana anali Vasiliev. Mikhail Speransky yomweyo anaimirira kunja kwa khamu lake nzeru ophunzira, wofuna kuphunzira, kukonda kuwerenga, komanso wodzichepetsa koma wamphamvu khalidwe. Seminare zinamupatsa kuphunzira Latin ndi Chigiriki.

Kusamukira ku St. Petersburg

Michael akhoza kukhala mu Vladimir ndi kuyamba ntchito mpingo. Iye ngakhale anakhala cellmate wa abbot m'deralo. Koma kale mu 1788 monga mmodzi wa yowala ndipo ambiri aluso ophunzira Speransky nawo mwayi kupita St. Petersburg ndipo anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa Alexander Nevsky seminare. Bungweli anali kulamulira mwachindunji ya Synod. Kodi mapulogalamu atsopano amakonzedwa ndi kuphunzitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi abwino.

Malo atsopano Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich anaphunzira osati zamulungu koma nkhani yakale, kuphatikizapo masamu apamwamba, sayansi nzeru ndi French, amene panthawiyo anali padziko lonse. Seminare chilango okhwima analamulira, kudzera zomwe ophunzira kukhala ndi luso maola ambiri kwambiri ntchito maganizo. Pambuyo Speranski aphunzira kuwerenga mu French, iye anachita chidwi ndi ntchito za akatswiri a dziko lino. Kupeza mabuku abwino ndi atsopano anapanga wamng'ono seminarian mmodzi mwa anthu ophunzira kwambiri mu dziko.

Mu 1792 Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich maphunziro maphunziro awo. Iye anakhala mu seminare, kumene zaka zingapo iye anali mphunzitsi wa masamu, nzeru komanso momveka bwino. Mu tinkasangalalira amakhala zopeka, ndipo analemba ndakatulo. Ena a iwo anali inafalitsidwa mu St. Petersburg magazini. seminare mphunzitsi anapereka zinthu zonse zili mmenemu munthu Multilaterial ndi kaonedwe chachikulu.

Chiyambi cha utumiki anthu

Mu 1795, ndi Speransky wamng'ono umboni wa Metropolitan Gabriel anali kulemba Aleksandrom Kurakinym. Iwo anali munthu wotchuka matauni akuluakulu ndi akazembe. Ndi inalowa mpando wachifumu wa Paulo Ine, anaikidwa Loya. Kurakin zofunika mlembi amene akanatha kulimbana ndi wakewo lolemera. Kuti munthu anali Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Mwachidule, anasankha Yolembedwa ntchito m'tchalitchi. Mu seminare sanafune polekanitsa ndi mphunzitsi wodziwa. Metropolitan anamuitana kutenga kumene kumakhala Amonke zowinda kenako Speransky angathe kuwerenga pa mutu wa bishopu. Koma iye anakana, mu 1797 analandira udindo wa phungu titular mu ofesi ya wozenga mlandu wamkulu.

mwamsanga kapitawo anakwera ntchito makwerero. chimodzi, anakhala khansala ya dziko zingapo. Wambiri Speranskogo Mihaila Mihaylovicha - ndi nkhani ya kuwuka mofulumira utumiki chifukwa ntchito yapadera ndi luso. makhalidwe amenewa zinamupatsa kuti gwape aboma, zomwe zinachititsa kuti ulamuliro wake unquestionable m'tsogolo. Ndithudi, Speransky ntchito makamaka kuti athandize boma, ndipo ndiye yekha kuganizira zofuna zawo.

Rise of wokonzanso ndi

Mu 1801, watsopano Russian Mfumu Alexander I. Iye anakhala ukasintha osiyana ndi bambo ake wankhanza Paulo, amene anali wodziwika ulemu usilikali ndipo maganizo ndiwofatsa. The mfumu yatsopano anali owolowa manja ndipo anafuna kuti dziko lawo kusintha onse ofunikira yachibadwa ya boma. Ambiri, iwo ndi kupititsa patsogolo ufulu onse.

Maganizo omwewo ndiwo osiyana ndi Mikhail Speransky. The yonena za chithunzi ichi zedi chidwi: anakumana ndi Alexander I, pamene iye anali korona kalonga, koma mkulu nawo resettlement wa St. Petersburg, pokhala boma milandu. Achinyamata yomweyo anapeza chinenero, ndi mfumu ya m'tsogolo sanaiwale kuumba mbadwa wowala wa chigawo cha Vladimir. Ndi inalowa mfumuyo, Alexander ndinaika Speransky Mlembi wa State wotchedwa Dmitry Troshchinsky. munthu uyu anali aphungu ndi mmodzi wa matrasti mfumu yatsopano.

Posachedwa ntchito Mihaila Speranskogo nakokera chidwi cha mamembala a komiti chinsinsi. Iyo inali pafupi ndi Alexander mayiko ogwirizana bwalo lina kwa posankha zochita pa kusintha mwamsanga. Speransky anayamba kuthandiza wotchuka Victor Kochubey.

Komiti chinsinsi

Kale mu 1802, chifukwa komiti chinsinsi, Alexander I anakhazikitsa utumiki. Iwo m'malo ndi lothandiza makoleji osamveka Petrine nyengo. Kochubei anakhala nduna loyamba la Mkati, ndi Speransky - Mlembi wake wa State. Iye anali wangwiro zachipembedzo ntchito: ntchito ndi mapepala chifukwa ambiri maola tsiku. Posachedwa Mikhail anayamba kulemba awo maphwando apamwamba, atakhala pansi maganizo ake pa kusodza kusintha zinthu zina.

Si kolakwa kwa kamodzinso amatchula kuti malingaliro a Speransky popangidwa ndi kuwerenga, anthu French wa XVIII atumwi .. Voltaire, etc. malingaliro Osaumira State Mlembi resonated akuluakulu. Posakhalitsa, anaikidwa mutu wa dipatimenti kuyang'anira chitukuko cha ntchito kusintha.

Iwo anali pansi pa utsogoleri wa Mikhail Mikhailovich kukonza chakudya zikuluzikulu za wotchuka "Watsimikiza alimi ufulu." Icho chinali choyamba wamanyazi sitepe ya boma la Russia mu njira ya chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. Malinga ndi lamulo, anthu olemekezeka akhoza tsopano tiyeni wamba ndi dziko. Ngakhale amati izi zakhala chidwi kwambiri ku kalasi mwayi, Alexander anasangalala ndi ntchito. Iye analangiza kuyamba contingency mapulani kwakukulu kukonza dziko. Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich nyakuonera wa ndondomekoyi. Mwachidule yonena za States ndi chodabwitsa: iye alibe ubale, koma mwa nzeru zawo ndi zovuta ntchito akanakhoza kupita pamwamba pa Russian ndale Olympus.

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1803 mpaka 1806. Speransky anali woyambitsa ambiri zolemba kwa mfumu. Mu mapepala Mlembi wa State kusanthula ndiye boma la milandu ndi wamkulu. Maganizo waukulu Mikhail Mikhailovich anali kusintha dongosolo la ndale. Malinga ndi zolemba zake, Russia akhale ufumu malamulo, pomwe mfumu anali opanda mphamvu mtheradi. ntchito izi sizinachitike, koma Alexander amavomereza ambiri mfundozo Speransky. Chifukwa ntchito yawo yaikulu Hamani komanso zasintha chinenero kulankhulana ofesi ku maofesi a boma. Adapereka archaisms zambiri za m'ma XIX, ndipo maganizo ake pa pepala, wopanda zosafunika anali khirisipi ndi wonyezimira ngati nkotheka.

wothandizira Mfumu

Mu 1806 Alexander ine ndinapanga seminarian kale wachiwiri wake wamkulu, "kusankha" mu Kochubey. Mfumu chinafunika munthu ngati Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Mwachidule yonena za mtumiki wa boma simungakhoze kuchita popanda kufotokoza ubale wake ndi mfumu. Alexander Speransky ofunika makamaka kudzipatula ake ku mabwalo zosiyanasiyana lolemera, omwe lobbied zofuna zawo. Panthawi imeneyi, ndi wamba Michael ankaimba m'manja mwake. Iye analandira malangizo a mfumu panokha.

Mu udindo uwu Speranski chinkhoswe mu maphunziro mu maseminare - panokha kumuyandikira mutu. Iye anali mlembi lamulo kuti malamulo ntchito zonse za mabungwe. Malamulo amenewa mosamala chinakhalapo mpaka 1917. Wina ogwira ntchito zofunika Speransky ngati Auditor wa maphunziro Russian - drafting cholemba imene iye anafotokoza mfundo za tsogolo la pa Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Izi bungwe kwa mibadwo ingapo waphunzitsa mtundu wa mtundu - anyamata kwambiri wolemekezeka mabanja achifumu. omaliza maphunziro ake anali Alexander Pushkin.

utumiki zamtendere

Pa nthawi yomweyo, Alexander ndinali wotanganidwa kwambiri mfundo yachilendo. Kupita ku Europe, nthaŵi zonse anatenga Speransky naye. Kotero izo zinali mu 1807, pamene Congress unachitikira Erfurt Napoleon. Zinali ndiye kuti Europe yoyamba imene munaphunzira amene ali Michael Speransky. Mwachidule yonena za msilikali chofunika osanenapo lake liletsedwe luso. Koma mpaka 1807, iye sanayambe kunja.

Tsopano, chifukwa ankadziwa zinenero ndi maphunziro awo, Speransky akhoza kudabwa nthumwi zonse zabodza zopezeka kuti analipo ku Erfurt. Napoleon yekha anafotokoza wachiŵiri Alexander ndipo ngakhale amati mwanthabwala anafunsa mfumu Russian kusintha luso Mlembi wa State "ufumu uliwonse." Koma kunja Speranski ananenanso ndi kugwiritsa ntchito anakhala ku anatumidwa. Iye anatenga gawo mu zokambirana komanso mapeto a mtendere pakati France ndi Russia. Komabe, vuto pandale ku Ulaya pa nthawi imeneyo anali osadalirika, ndipo posakhalitsa makonzedwe amenewa wawaiwala.

ntchito pachimake

Speranski anakhala nthawi yambiri ntchito pa kukafola zofunika kwa chikuonetseratu kuti ntchito ya boma. Knowledge mwa akuluakulu a boma analibe zizigwirizana mlingo wa maudindo awo. Chifukwa imeneyi ankakonda mchitidwe pa utumiki chiyamiko chipangizo kwa kugwirizana banja. Choncho Speransky akufuna kukhazikitsa mayeso kwa anthu pofuna kukhala akuluakulu. Alexander anagwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi, ndipo posakhalitsa malamulo amenewa kukhala malamulo.

Ndi inalowa la Finland ndi Russia Speransky anatenga kuyang'anira kusintha mu chigawo watsopano. Panali otchuka ndiwofatsa, kotero izo ziri mu dziko lino, Alexander anatha kuzindikira boldest malingaliro awo owolowa manja. Mu 1810, Bungwe la State unakhazikitsidwa. Komanso panali udindo wa nduna za Boma, omwe anakhala Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Activities wokonzanso sikunapite pachabe. Tsopano anakhala mwalamulo munthu wachiwiri mu boma.

chamanyazi

Ambiri kusintha Speransky anakhudzidwa pafupifupi muzochitika zones za moyo national. Kwinakwake kusintha anali kwakukulu, amene anakana gawo inert wa anthu a. Mikhail sanali olemekezeka, chifukwa chifukwa zochita zake ndi zofuna zawo zowawa mu malo oyamba. Ndi 1812, pa bwalo la mfumu panali gulu la atumiki ndi ogwira, amene anayamba mumadabwa ndi Speransky. Iwo kufalitsa zabodza zokhudza iye, kotero iye ankati anadzudzula mfumu. Ndi njira ya otsutsa ambiri a nkhondo anayamba kukumbukira kugwirizana kwake ndi Napoleon ku Erfurt.

Mu March 1812, Mikhail Speransky anachotsedwa ku nsanamira zake zonse. Iye anauzidwa kuti achoke likulu. Ndipotu iye anali mu ndende, choyamba Nizhny Novgorod, kenako kuchigawo Novgorod. Patapita zaka zingapo, iye anatha achire opals.

Mu 1816 anaikidwa kukhala kazembe wa Penza. Mikhail Speransky Mwachidule, sankadziwa za dera limeneli. Koma chifukwa bwino ntchito, iye anatha kukhala guarantor dongosolo kuchigawo chimenechi. anthu Local ankakonda Mlembi wakale wa boma.

Pambuyo Penza boma anali mu Irkutsk, komwe anakagwira ntchito kwa kazembe Siberia kuchokera 1819 mpaka 1821. Apa zinali zambiri ananyalanyaza kuposa Penza. Speranski kuchita dongosolo: anayamba udzatha chifukwa kasamalidwe ing'onoing'ono dziko ndi ntchito yokonza ntchito zachuma.

Kachiwiri mu St. Petersburg

Mu 1821, Mikhail Mikhailovich kwa nthawi yoyamba mu zaka zambiri, anali mu St. Petersburg. Iye zimatheka kukumana kwake ndi Alexander I. The Mfumu momveka bwino kuti masiku akale, pamene Speransky anali munthu wachiwiri boma, kumbuyo. Komabe, anaikidwa mutu wa ntchito kwa drafting malamulo. Izo zinali ndendende malo amene kunali kotheka kwa bwino kwambiri ntchito zinachitikira lonse, wokwatibwa ndi Mikhail Speransky. Mbiri chithunzi cha munthu uyu Amamuonetsa monga wokonzanso kwambiri. Anabwerera ku asinthe.

Chinthu choyamba Kwatha Siberia boma malonda. kusintha utsogoleri zinachitikadi mu zolemba zake. Siberia unagawidwa East ndi West. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ulamuliro wa Alexander I zoyenera nthawi zambiri dongosolo midzi asilikali. Tsopano iwo kuchita ndi Speransky, amene, pamodzi ndi Alekseem Arakcheevym lotsogoleredwa ndi ntchito kake.

Pamene Nicholas I

Mu 1825 iye anafa, Alexander I. Panali ntchito zoipa Decembrists. Speransky mlandu drafting ndi Manifesto cha chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Nicholas I. The bwanamkubwa anayamikira nyota za Speransky, ngakhale kuti anali kudziona ndale. m'boma anakhalabe owolowa manja. Pamenepo mfumu anali ndiwofatsa, ndi kupanduka kwa Decembrists kwambiri anatsekula motsutsana kusintha lapansi.

Mu Nikolaev zaka Speranskii ntchito yaikulu inali yokonza ndi lonse la malamulo a Russian Ufumu. kope Multivolume asonkhane nambala yaikulu malamulo, yoyamba anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma XVII. Mu January 1839 chifukwa ubwino Speransky analandira udindo wa Chiwerengero. Komabe, pa February 11, iye anamwalira ali ndi zaka 67.

ntchito zake wolimba ndi zipatso akhala injini ya Russian kusintha zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wa Alexander I. Pa pachimake ntchito Speransky anali mwamanyazi kwakukulu, koma anabwerera ku ntchito yake. Iye anatumikira mokhulupirika boma, ngakhale mavuto aliwonse.