Nkhondo ya Navarino. Major panyanja nkhondo 1827. zotsatira

Navarino nyanja nkhondo, umene unachitika pa tsiku dzuwa, October 20, 1927 mu Bay eponymous, osati ndi mmodzi wa masamba yabwino kwambiri m'mbiri a zombo za m'banja, komanso chitsanzo cha zimene Russia ndi mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya mungapeze mumafanana pankhani siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la ufulu wa anthu osiyanasiyana. Khalani Ogwirizana motsutsa yotheratu Ottoman, Britain, Russia ndi France akhala akupereka thandizo lamtengo wapatali kwa anthu Greek kulimbana awo ufulu.

Russia ndi Europe mu zoyambirira za m'ma XIX

Russian Ufumu m'zaka za m'ma 19, makamaka akadzagonjetsedwa Napoleon ndi Congress wa Vienna, membala wodzala ndi ndondomeko mayiko ndale. Komanso, mmene iye mu 1810-1830-ntchentche. Zinali kwakukulu kwambiri kotero kuti anafuna thandizo nthawi zonse kwambiri kapena zochepa zofunika. Analengedwa pa njira imene Alexander Ine, ndi Alliance Woyera, cholinga chachikulu cha zimene anali kumenyera ufulu kuteteza alipo mu mayiko a ku Ulaya, zipani, wakhala chida chofunika cha mphamvu pa zochitika zonse kwapakati pa-European.

Mmodzi wa zofooka za Europe kotala loyamba la XIX atumwi pang'onopang'ono anagwa Ottoman. Akuyesetsa zonse kusintha, Turkey ochuluka zomwe zikutsalirazi kumbuyo mitundu akutsogolera pang'onopang'ono akutaya pa chuma, kuphatikizapo gawo la ufumu wake. udindo wapadera mu ndondomeko wotanganidwa izi mayiko a Balkan Peninsula, lomwe ndi diso pa thandizo zotheka kuti Russia ndi mayiko ena a ku Ulaya ochuluka ayamba nkhondo ufulu wawo.

Mu 1821, kugalukira Greek anayamba. Boma la Russia wapeza yokha ndi vuto: pa dzanja limodzi, zinthu za Alliance Woyera sankandilola kuthandiza anthu amene kulimbikitsa Baibulo la zinthu zilili, ndi pa zina - Orthodox Ahelene akhala ankamuona ngati anzanu wathu, pamene unagona ndi Turkey pafupifupi nthawizonse zakhala kutali ku mulingo woyenera. M'malo mosamala poyamba zokhudza zochitika izi pang'onopang'ono m'malo ndi kuthamanga kunadetsa kukula pa ana a Osman. Nkhondo ya Navarino mu 1827 kunali kwanzeru za ndondomekoyi.

Background ndi waukulu zifukwa

The Greek ndi Turkey kutsutsidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, palibe magulu sakanakhoza kukwaniritsa ukulu mwachangu. The zokhazikika analemba otchedwa Akkerman Convention, ndiye chifukwa cha kuthetsa mtendere anatenga yogwira Russia, France ndi England. Nicholas Ine momveka bwino kwa Sultan Mahmud II, amene adzapita ku zokambirana za kwambiri kupulumutsa Balkan limati mbali ya ufumu wawo. amafuna awa chitaikidwa protocol Petersburg mu 1826, pamene Agiriki zinalonjezedwa kudziyimira pawokha yotakata, kuphatikizapo ufulu wosankha ku ofesi anthu akuluakulu ake.

Ngakhale mapangano onsewa, Turkey pa mpata uliwonse kuzifuna kuti mumalozana ndi Ahelene onyada ya nkhondo yeniyeni. Izi zinachititsa Russia ndi ogwirizana ake European kukachita kanthu motsimikiza.

Mayikidwe a mphamvu pamaso pa Nkhondo ya Navarino

Nkhondo ya Navarino anapeza kuti nthawi imene zombo Turkey ndi chimodzi cha zabwino mu Europe, kuti mosasintha zapita. Sultan ndi Pasha kapudan Muharram Bey anakwanitsa kulera m'dera Mediterranean ndi mphamvu chidwi kwambiri. Kuwonjezera leni frigates Turkey ndife cholinga Nkhondo wamphamvu wa Egypt ndi Tunisia. Ambiri, sitima imeneyi inkakhala pennants 66, amene ali oposa 2,100 mfuti. Turkey komanso chikanathandiza thandizo la zida zankhondo m'mphepete mwa nyanja, gulu limene udindo waukulu mu nthawi yake ankaimba akatswiri a ku France.

Federal squadron, zomwe lamulo ambiri mkulu anasonyeza England Codrington, panali pennants twente-sikisi okha ndi pafupifupi 1,300 mfuti. Komabe, zombo za mzere - mphamvu yaikulu mu vuto lililonse panyanja ya nthawi - iwo anali nazo zambiri - khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Koma squadron Russian, kuti amaphatikiza anayi Nkhondo ndi frigates, ndipo analamulira msilikari waluso L. Heyden, amene ananyamula mbendera pa flagship "Azov".

Wamtima pamaso nkhondo

Kale mu pafupi ndi zilumba Greek, ndi anagwirizana lamulo ali anayesa komaliza kuthetsa mkangano mwamtendere. Pasha Ibragim pa zokambirana m'malo mwa Sultan analonjeza atatu sabata osayanjanitsika kuti pafupifupi pomwepo linathyoka. Kenako, anagwirizana zombo mndandanda wa flanking ayendetsa zokhoma Turkey mu Navarino Bay, komwe anthu amatetezedwa ndi mabatire wamphamvu mwa nyanja anafuna kupereka nkhondo ambiri.

Nkhondo ya Navarino anali kwakukulukulu anataya Turkey lisanayambe. Kusankha izi Bay m'malo yopapatiza, iwo kwenikweni kuti akumanidwa okha za ntchito n'zosangalatsa kumva, monga mbali yaing'ono chabe la zombo zawo zinkakhala imodzi nawo nkhondo. Coast zida zankhondo ndi kudalila ndi horseshoe la zombo Turkey, udindo wapadera mu nkhondo sanali kusewera.

Adani kukonzekera kuukira magawo awiri: British ndi French anali kufafaniza pambali lamanja, ndi Russian zombo asilikali - anamaliza atasokonezeka, adatsamira pa kumanzere kwa zombo Turkey.

Chiyambi cha nkhondo

M'mawa wa pa October 8, 1827 Anglo-French squadron, umene uli pafupi ndi mdani wa anafola mwa mzati, kuyamba zoyenda akuchedwa malangizo a ku Turkey. Kupemphera mwa gunshot, zombo anaima, ndi asilikali Codrington anatumiza nthumwi ku Turkey, amene anawomberedwa ndi mfuti. Zipolopolo chizindikiro chiyambi cha nkhondo: mbali zonse nthawi yomweyo akulankhula za zikwi ziwiri mfuti Bay lonse waphimbika mu utsi acrid kudya.

Pa nthawi imeneyi, anagwirizana zombo analephera kukwaniritsa ukulu mwachangu. Komanso, mizinga Turkey anachititsa kwambiri kuwonongeka zokwanira dongosolo Muhharey Bey anali wosasinthika.

Nkhondo ya Navarino: kulowa kwa zombo Russian ndi kusintha kwakukulu

Pa nthawi imene zidzachitike pa nkhondo kunali kutali bwino, chifukwa ntchito yogwira nkhondowo anayamba Heyden Russian squadron, amene anali nkhonya umalimbana ndi pambali yakumanzere ya Turkey. The frigate woyamba "Hanko" anawomberedwa batire m'mphepete mwa nyanja, omwe nayo nthawi kuchita volleys khumi. Ndiye, nditaima pa mtunda wa mfuti kuwombera, zombo Russian kulowa yowotcha duel ndi zombo mdani.

Kuwawa kwa nkhondo unagwa pa flagship "Azov", amene mkulu ankadziwika zoweta panyanja mkulu Mikhail Lazarev. Monga mutu wa Russian nkhondowo wagawo, nthawi yomweyo anagwirizana nkhondo ndi zombo za adani asanu, likumira awiri a iwo mwamsanga. Pambuyo pake, iye anathamangira kupulumutsa wa British "Asia" wotsegulira moto motsutsa flagship mdani. Nkhondo Russian ndi frigates achita zinthu nkhondo wabwino: akutenga malo a awoawo mwa dongosolo lomenyera nkhondo, iwo ali pansi pa aukali mdani moto sanabise yake ayendetsa, namiza mmodzimmodzi Turkey ndi ku Igupto. Kuti khama squadron Heyden anapereka kusintha kwakukulu nkhondo.

Mapeto a nkhondo: chigonjetso lathunthu la anagwirizana zombo

Nkhondo ya Navarino inatenga maola anayi ndipo ali ndi ndende wapatali wa moto ndi machulukitsidwe pankhondo. Ngakhale kuti nkhondo kumenyana pa gawo Turkey, womwe Turkey anali okonzekera izo poipa. Zingapo zombo zawo pa gululi inavutika ndi kuonongeka ndi sizivuta. Pakutha ora lachitatu la nkhondo zinali bwino adani anayamba kupikisana amene ali zambiri lakuya zombo.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, popanda kutaya limodzi chombo nkhondowo, + anagwirizana zombo anagonjetsa lonse Turkey zombo: kuthawa anali m'ngalawa limodzi lokha, ndipo adalandira kuvulala kwambiri. Chotero zotsatira ndi udasintha modabwitsa bwino onse a magulu ankhondo a ku Caucasus.

zotsatira

Nkhondo ya Navarino mu 1827 chinali chiyambi yotsatira Chirasha Turkey nkhondo. Wina wa zotsatira zake zinali kusintha lakuthwa mu chiŵerengero cha mphamvu Greek ndi Turkey. Pambuyo akuvutika linagonja, Turkey walowa nthawi ya mavuto aakulu a zandale. Iye sanali kuti makolo a Ahelene, amene anatha osati kupambana kudziyimira pawokha yotakata, komanso kukwaniritsa ufulu wonse posachedwa.

1827 mbiri ya Russia - izo koma ndi chitsimikizo china cha mphamvu zake zankhondo ndiponso zandale. Kumulemba thandizo la maiko monga England ndi France, anakhoza kupezerapo mwayi pa zinthu zolimbitsira ake m'bwalolo European.