Nikolai Kondratiev, Soviet zachuma: yonena zopereka kwa chuma

Wotchuka akhala akutayirapo dothi "Kommunarka" anali malo a imfa asayansi ambiri Soviet manyazi. Mmodzi wa iwo anali wa zachuma Nikolay Dmitrievich Kondratev. Mu zaka zoyambilira za Soviet Union, iye anatsogolera akukonzekera dziko agrarian. Mbali yaikulu ya cholowa ongolankhula Kondratieff anali m'buku lakuti "m'zinthu Big conjuncture." Komanso, wasayansi m'Malemba malamulo a NEP udzabweretsa chuma Soviet patapita nkhondo yowononga boma.

Childhood ndi unyamata

Economist Nikolai Kondratiev anabadwa pa March 16, 1892 m'mudzi wa Galuevskoy m'chigawo Kostroma. Ndi zaka 13 anapita ku tchalitchi ndi mphunzitsi seminare. Pa Russian zisinthe choyamba, mwana anakhala SR ndipo anathandiza komiti nsalu amenye. Pa ichi iye anachotsedwa seminare, ndipo ngakhale kundende.

Patatha chaka chimodzi, Nikolai Kondratiev anamasulidwa ndipo analembetsa sukulu ya horticulture ndi ulimi m'tauni Ukraine Uman. Mu 1908 anasamukira ku St. Petersburg. Mu likulu Kondratyev nawo chipinda ndi maphunziro a chikhalidwe ndi wasayansi chikhalidwe Pitirim Sorokin - woyambitsa tsogolo la chiphunzitso cha sayenda chikhalidwe.

Chiyambi cha ntchito ya sayansi

Mu 1911, Nikolai Kondratiev analowa St. Petersburg University. Nditamaliza maphunziro, iye anasankha dipatimenti ya chuma ndale ndi ziwerengero ndipo anaganiza kukonzekera kulandira mutu wa pulofesa.

Pa nthawi iyi, iye anatsogolera chiwawa Kondratiev zolembalemba ndi sayansi ntchito. Iye anathandizana ndi "Herald of Europe", "chipangano" ndi magazini ena, ndipo anapereka nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Young anali laluntha mabwalo sayansi Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky ndi Lva Petrazhitskogo. Professor limakhulupirira Kovalevsky anamuika mlembi wake. Mu 1915, Kondratev Nikolay Dmitrievich lofalitsidwa monograph wake woyamba zoyenera chuma cha dera lake mbadwa ya Kostroma.

Kuthandiza pa zochitika kunachitika

Ngakhale ngati mbali ya asayansi wa St. Petersburg, Kondratiev anakhalabe membala wa pa Socialist Chiwukirano Party. Kwa nthawi yaitali iye kunachitidwa mwachinsinsi anaziika wa apolisi. Mu 1913, pamene Russia phwando la chikumbutso 300th wa Romanov mafumu, Kondratyev anakhala mwezi m'ndende.

ntchito Political itakula pambuyo zachuma zochitika mwadzidzidzi wa February zisinthe. Wasayansi wamng'ono anali nthumwi za III Congress wa Socialist-Chiwukirano Party, unachitikira ku Moscow mu May - June 1917. Pali anapanga kulankhula kulimbikitsa anthu Provisional boma. Kenako zachuma unali mlangizi kuti Kerensky ulimi. Nikolai Kondratiev nawo chilengedwe cha Bungwe la Alimi 'ziwanga ndipo wakhala anapatsa iwo mu Zonse-Russian Democratic Conference mu September. Economist osankhidwa Bungwe la Republic Provisional. Komanso anatha nawo ntchito za Main Land Committee ndi League of Kusintha agrarian.

Kuthandiza boma la Kerensky, Kondratiev anayesetsa kuthana ndi vuto chakudya chimene zayamba chifukwa cha nkhondo yaitali ndi Germany ndi ogwirizana ake. Chosowa zofunika pamoyo akusokoneza ndi maganizo a anthu. Kujambula khola dongosolo kotunga n'zotheka kutsegula zotsutsana ambiri chikhalidwe komanso kupewa mavuto andale. Ngakhale Kondratiev anali wothandiza kwa lingaliro la dziko tirigu okhawo. Iye anaika ziyembekezo wake pa waudindo, ngakhale mu 1917 mulibe anaganiza vuto chakudya - kuopseza njala ikulu-ikulu anapitiriza nsalu kutsogolo kwa Provisional boma.

A kunyamuka kwa malamulo

The October kuukira boma anatenga Kondratieff mumsasa kutsutsidwa. Iye anadzakhala membala wa Assembly Constituent wa Socialist-boma. Pamene thupi ili linathyoka, wasayansi anasamukira ku anatsutsa Bolsheviks "Russian Chitsitsimutso Union". Mu 1919, Party Socialist-Chiwukirano chinaperekedwa ku kugonjetsedwa komaliza. Kondratev Nikolay Dmitrievich anasiya ndale ndipo anadzipereka kwathunthu kwa sayansi.

Pambuyo utasintha Kondratyev anasamukira ku Moscow. Kumeneko anayamba kuphunzitsa ku mayunivesite angapo - yunivesite ya Shanyavsky, Institute Cooperative, Petrovskaya ulimi Academy. Kwa kanthawi malo a ntchito ya zachuma ndi Moscow Narodny Bank. Mu 1920, Kondratiev anamangidwa ndipo anakhala wozengedwa mu nkhani ya "Union of Chitsitsimutso cha Russia." Anaumba SR kupulumutsa chitetezero cha Alexander zosatheka Chayanov ndi otchuka Bolshevik Ivan Teodorović.

Ntchito Commission State Planning

Achita Kondratieff anakhazikitsidwa Conjunctural Institute pa Commissariat of Finance. zachuma Soviet walunjika mu 1920-1928 biennium. Iye anagwira ntchito kwa zaka zitatu Commissariat of Agriculture. The USSR State Committee Planning Kondratiev anali gawo la dipatimenti ya zaulimi. Wasayansi anatsogolera elaboration za njira kukula kwa gawo la ulimi.

Mu 1922, Nikolai Kondratiev, amene chopereka kwa chuma anali kale achinyamata Soviet boma kwambiri, kamodzinso atayamba kupondereza. Iwo anali m'gulu mndandanda wa anthu oipa, kukonza anamuponya kunja kwa Soviet Union. Kondratieva kumbuyo Commissariat of Agriculture. Monga katswiri kulamulira njira zingapo zofunika, dzina lake linachotsedwa blacklist lapansi.

kunja

Mu 1924, Kondratiev anapita ulendo kafukufuku kunja. Iye anapita Germany, Canada, UK ndi US. Economist anali timudziwe bwino msika asilikali a m'mayiko a Azungu. Zimenezi zinkathandiza kuti iye elaboration mfundo za NEP lapansi. Zinali Nikolai Kondratieff (1892-1938) anali mmodzi wa ophunzira zikuluzikulu za malamulo atsopano a zachuma, umene Bolsheviks pambuyo zaka owononga nkhondo chikominisi. Monga katswiri Soviet anali kuwunika ziyembekezo za wolowa wa USSR.

Aliyense Kondratieff, Pitirim Sorokin panthawiyo kale tikukhala mu United States. Iye anapereka Nikolayu Dmitrievichu kukhala America, pali mpando yunivesite kutsogolera ndi kuteteza inuyo ndi banja lanu, upite naye kunja. Komabe, Kondratiev anakana kutaya kunyumba. Iye anachita chidwi ndi mwayi latsopano limene anatsegula pamaso pake NEP.

homecoming

Mu 1924, anali koma atayamba ndi repressions Stalinist. Palibe amene akanakhoza n'komwe kuti kudzakhala zoopsa kuti anagwedeza Soviet Union mu 1930s ndi. Makalata declassified pakati Stalin ndi imodzi mwa okonza mantha Yakovom Agranovym lero amadziwika kuti mapeto a Kondratieff kuzunzidwa ndi dongosolo lenileni la mtsogoleri. Ngakhale mu US, zachuma ndi sangathe kulingalira chinachake chonga izo.

Pochokera kudziko lina, Kondratiev anapitiriza ntchito yake yogwira m'munda wa mapulani a zachuma - izo akufuna ndi zinayenda otchedwa zaka zisanu nyengo 1923-1928 zaka ulimi.

Muzipereka kwa chuma

zofunika kwambiri ongolankhula ntchito Kondratiev linasindikizidwa mu 1925 - "m'zinthu Big conjuncture." Zinabweretsa mtsutso ambiri onse mu USSR ndi kunja. Pali latsopano akuti amene anapereka Nikolai Kondratiev -. 'M'zinthu chitukuko Economic "

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha sayansi ndi chuma dziko akufotokozera mu mwauzimu ndi. Zokwera cyclical mavuto m'malo, ndi mosemphanitsa. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti kutalika kwa nthawi ino - zaka 50. Mu USSR, anthu ambiri sindimakonda maganizo atapereka Kondratiev. "M'zinthu Kondratieff" Anthu ankaona kuti wolemba kunyamuka kwa Marxism.

N'zochititsa chidwi zachuma ndi waika patsogolo kungoganizira yopanda maziko aliyense ongolankhula. Kondratyev anasangalala yekha ndi kuyang'anila awo wazotsatira. Iye kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane manambalawo ku mapeto a chuma XVIII ndi US ku Ulaya ndi chiyambi cha XX atumwi. Tikachita ntchito imeneyi, asayansi amanga zithunzi ndi obwerezabwereza anapeza synchronicity. Kondratiev anazindikira mbali zotsatirazi za chitukuko cha chuma chilichonse: kukula, pamwamba, kuchepa, maganizo.

Ngati Soviet Union chiphunzitso molimba mtima ali sanapezeke ntchito, ndiye kunja ndi waife chuma ambiri ndi mbiri lonse. Kondratieff mfundo onyenga a Austria ndi wasayansi American Yozef Shumpeter. The Russian zofufuza dziko cholowa anali adapitiriza pokhapokha Perestroika. Komanso, Kondratiev anasiya kafukufuku zikuluzikulu mphamvu ya mitengo ya katundu ulimi ndi mafakitale.

Zosemphana ndi boma

"M'zinthu Large zinthu" anachititsa kukana utsogoleri Soviet. Atangoyamba buku la monograph iyambe badgering magazini Kondratieva, kulinganiza amene anali Grigory Zinoviev. Sunali kutsutsana sayansi. Mtsutso anali ngati snitching. Pamene Soviet utsogoleri pambuyo pa imfa Lenin anali dazeni kuluma mphamvu ya Bolsheviks, ndi pafupi kwathunthu si kuwawa Kondratiev.

Kupatulapo anali Mikhail Kalinin. Stalin kenako blackmailed iye gulu yaitali ndi Kondratyev. Nikolai Bukharin amapereka malingaliro ongolankhula wasayansi ndi (komanso pamene Bukharin ankayesa ndi chilango cha imfa, kuphatikizapo Bolshevik mlandu mwa ndale ndi zachuma ndi manyazi).

chamanyazi

Ngakhale "m'zinthu Kondratieff" Kondratieff ndi njira zake zonse zina zachuma akhala akuukira pa mlingo wapamwamba, wasayansi anali sizizakutengerani maudindo awo popanda kumenyana. Iye kumbuyo kuyenerera wake m'magazini ndi pa misonkhano. Makamaka zogwira anali kulankhula mu Academy Communist, umene unachitika mu November 1926. Komanso, Kondratyev analemba malipoti ndi memos kuti CC lapansi.

Mu 1927, mu magazini "Bolshevik" akulu lotchedwa "Manifesto wa chipani kulak" anaonekera Nkhani yotsatira Zinoviev. Izo zikuika kamvekedwe imene otsiriza amapha nkhonya anali chinaperekedwa kenaka Kondratiev. Atamunamizira chisoni makofi ndi kuzula sosholisimu sanali kumuopseza basi, kenako zochita weniweni wa KGB.

Pemphero chithandizo

amachita ongolankhula ndi buku Nikolaya Kondrateva adayambira kuganiza kuti chuma ayenera kukhala pang'onopang'ono. Mfundo Izi zikusiyana mofulumira Stalinist zimene flywheel anawomba nsalu Soviet mafakitale. Makamaka ichi mu 1928 Kondratiev inachotsedwa pa utsogoleri wa brainchild awo - mabungwe conjunctural, ndipo anachotsedwa moyo maphunziro.

Mu 1930, Nikolai Sorokin analemba kuti bwenzi kalata, amene anaperekedwa kwa United States mozemba kudzera Finland. Mu uthenga wasayansi ndi mwachidule anafotokoza zoopsa kukula zenizeni Soviet: ndi dispossession wa kulaks m'midzi, kuthamanga pa anzeru a. Popanda ntchito Kondratiev ndinali m'mphepete mwa njala. Iye anapempha thandizo Sorokina. Anacheukira kwa Samueli Harper - Professor, University of Chicago, nthawi zambiri ankabwera ku Soviet Union.

Kumangidwa ndi kuwatsekela

Paulendo wina ku Soviet Union kangapo Harper anakumana ndi Kondratyev. Tsiku lina awiriwo anabwera kwa anavomera chisanadze zogulitsa, kumene iwo anali kuyembekezera nthumwi za GPU. Kondratiev anamangidwa. chaka cha 1930.

Atakhala mu ndende, chuma kupitiriza ntchito ya sayansi. Pomaliza, analemba mabuku angapo. Yokhala, Nikolai Kondratiev, amene yonena kumayenderana ndi Socialist-boma ndipo ngakhale Kerensky, anazengedwa pa milandu ya anthu ogwira ntchito ndi Alimi 'Party. Mu 1932, iye anaweruzidwa kuti akakhale zaka eyiti m'ndende. Kondratiev anapita isolator Suzdal ndale. Apo iye anapitirizabe kulemba.

Yanjinga zazikulu chitsanzo cha mphamvu zachuma anapulumuka ntchito imodzi yokha Suzdal nthawi. Ali m'ndende, wasayansi anaona amakhala wotchuka dziko monograph ndi odziŵa za chuma akwaniritsidwa. Pakali pano, iye anali zinachitikira chowawa olekanitsa yokakamiza ku zochitika zonse za sayansi.

Kuwombera ndi konzanso

Ngakhale zaka eyiti ayikidwa kale, Kondratiev sanayembekezere lachipulumutso. Mu 1938, pa msinkhu wa Great Mantha, izo anaweruzidwa mwa Collegium Asilikali a Khoti Lalikulu la USSR. 17 September wasayansi kuwomberedwa. Place chiwawa wakhala polygon "Kommunarka". Kulinso anazunzidwa ndi m'manda.

Mu 1963, pambuyo XX Congress wa CPSU ndi, Kondratieff anali asintha khalidwe lawo, ngakhale mfundo imeneyi sanapangidwe anthu. Scientific cholowa zachuma kwa zaka zambiri anakhalabe chinthu defamation ndi Kutsutsa boma sayansi Soviet. Pomaliza dzina la Kondratieff anabwezeretsedwa pa perestroika, mu 1987, pamene inali nthawi yachiwiri anapulumutsa ndi kumukonzanso (nthawi ndi imawonongeka mnzake Aleksandrom Chayanovym).