Ntchito zachuma. Chinthu ndi ntchito ya dongosolo zachuma

dongosolo la zachuma - lingaliro kuti angathe kutanthauziridwa ndi ofufuza pamene ankaona zosiyanasiyana zizichitika. njira zimene sayansi akhoza ankaipembedza mu kusanthula ntchito zake zazikulu? Kodi udindo wa boma monga galimoto mabungwe koyenera kuti kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo la zachuma chiyani?

Kodi nkhani zachuma?

Tiyeni kuphunzira mokoma terminology, kuyamba pa nkhaniyi. Lingaliro la "ntchito zachuma" Tingaone, monga taonera pamwambapa m'nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Makamaka - monga mapangidwe yoyenera ya boma ya chuma wonse. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani?

Choyamba, zingakhale ntchito za dongosolo chuma, maonekedwe umene chachibadwidwe chifukwa chomwe ndi yoyenda yokha bungwe chikhalidwe. Kodi ndi nkhani zachuma ntchito allocates akatswiri ano? Pakati pa anthu:

- Kubereka;

- chilangizo;

- zamakono;

- ndalama;

- protectionist.

Taganizirani mfundo awo enieni.

Kubalana ntchito ya dongosolo zachuma

Ntchito yoyamba zachuma pa mlingo wa kasamalidwe dongosolo la boma - ubereki. Kwenikweni ake - kupereka zosintha zonse za chuma zosiyanasiyana zachuma, pamaso amene ndi koyenera kuti chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma a boma, komanso ntchito makinawa anthu imene issuance, kugawa, kuwombola ndi kumwa katundu ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana kwa anthu.

Kubalana ntchito chuma cha boma zimakhudza ziti za ntchito chinkhoswe mu umodzi kapena gulu lina nzika zomwe Boma la chuma adzakhala otukuka kwambiri mu dziko ndi zomwe moyenera, ntchito zamoyo ndi otchuka. Mapangidwe ntchito chimadalira pa mlingo wa chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma a boma, ndi kulunjika wa mogwirizana ake ndi maiko ena pa mlingo wa kulankhulana yachilendo chuma ndi ndale, kwa mfundo ndi makhalidwe a chikhalidwe nzika.

ntchito zolimbana a dongosolo la zachuma

Ntchito yaikulu zachuma mulinso chilangizo. Kwenikweni ake ali mu chitukuko cha mfundo zimene chimatanthauza mmene anthu ayenera kukhala, anagawira, anasinthanitsa, ndi kuwawononga anthu kapena zinthu zina ndi ntchito. malamulo zogwirizana komanso anapanga kutenga nkhani za umoyo ndi zachuma chitukuko cha anthu, miyambo, chikhalidwe, zinthu zina chuma ndi ndale. Komabe, njira imeneyi amaganizira malamulo cholinga zomwe ntchito ya chuma cha dziko. N'kutheka kuti, imene ponseponse kuti amakhazikitsa ankaona ntchito zachuma, asalowe nkhondo ndi miyambo anakhazikitsa malo oyamba komanso a anthu.

Boma likhoza, ngati omwe amathandiza kuti zinthu zovuta mlingo wa chuma chonse kapena mfundo yachilendo, kuyambitsa oyamba a malamulo wakuuzani wothandizira chuma kuchita zinthu mwanjira inayake, ngakhale ilo limatsutsa zoikamo wawo - kuyambira kulephera kwa malamulo zogwirizana zingayambitse mavuto aakulu chikhalidwe. The boma ntchito - kukhazikitsa zinthu zimenezi kuti kugonjetsa bwino zofuna za magulu zothandiza anthu ndi mabungwe.

Zopangapanga ntchito ya dongosolo zachuma

mbali Ofunika monga ndondomeko ya zachuma - imodzi yokhudza chilengedwe cha zinthu makamaka zogwiritsidwa nchito ntchito zachuma a anthu ndi mabungwe. Pankhaniyi tilankhula za kufalitsidwa kwa nchito imeneyi mu mabacteria udindo wa boma ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana payekha. Ngati tikambirana ntchito atsatire ntchito njira zamakono kuti zochimwazo kumathetsa boma, ndiye kuti anthu zololeka monga:

- mutsogolo mayikidwe a zomangamanga zoyendera - makamaka mu mawonekedwe a misewu, mapaipi, zimene zambiri sangathe kumanga makampani;

- kupereka chuma kwa kukhazikitsa kulankhulana - makamaka pa Kanema, zinthu zomwe ndi zochokera umisiri ndi kwaiye, kawirikawiri pansi mapulogalamu danga boma;

- Kukwezeleza kutengerapo luso akunja, komanso mfundo za chuma zofunikira.

Choncho, ntchito mu funso - kuphatikizapo anthu amene otsogolera limabweretsa boma. Komabe, mu nkhani iyi n'zotheka kusunga ndi ntchito zachuma cha anthu - mwa nkhope ya malonda, ena mabungwe apadera ndi anthu. Pakati pa anthu:

- chitukuko cha umisiri watsopano, kasamalidwe, kupanga zisankho ndi zitsanzo chuma;

- mapangidwe njira ndemanga mwa anthu ena komanso akuluakulu a boma;

- bungwe ntchito zokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsa njira zina za boma mu chimango cha zochita zathu za nyumba ndale mu dziko.

Msungidwe ntchito

Ntchito inanso yofunika ya dongosolo la zachuma - kunyakhe. Kwenikweni ake ndi chiyani?

Pankhaniyi pali choyamba, ntchito chuma Finance, wosindikiza boma, anakopeka akunja, kapena opangidwa kuchokera chuma mkati. chuma National kwa kubalana ake ndi chitukuko amafuna likulu. Boma - mwina chinsinsi player, amene umakhudza mapangidwe chuma likulu kupeza anthu kapena mabungwe ena malonda. The zipangizo yaikulu ya boma la mawu a kukhazikitsa ntchito pa:

- kukhazikitsa azimayi osiyanasiyana bajeti;

- chilengedwe cha dongosolo malamulo naye ngongole;

- kukongoza mwachindunji.

The chida choyamba angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Choncho, ntchito ya chitukuko zachuma ndi, chotero, ulamuliro mwa mawu a Kugawilidwa kwanthaka likulu angalandire mabungwe adzayankha mwachindunji kwa akuluakulu a boma m'dzikoli. Pankhaniyi likulu ndi kunditumiza ku iwo makamaka kwaulere koma nkhani pulogalamu okhwima ndalama anthu kapena ndalama zina. bajeti ungatithandizire ndalama osiyanasiyana, mabungwe kafukufuku, pothetsa mavuto ena mu chimango cha vuto la zachuma strategy kumatanthauza ndi boma.

Kukonza dongosolo malamulo naye ngongole ndi imodzi mwa mbali ya boma malamulo a dziko. Kulandiridwa ndi kuika mu makope malangizo osiyanasiyana, monga kumene thandizo likulu - mwachitsanzo, boma yomweyo kapena Investor payekha, amapereka chidwi mabungwe bizinesi ngongole ndalama. Mwachitsanzo - ngongole kwa malonda.

Chapakati State Bank - ngati yang'anira mkulu ndalama amapereka ndalama kiyi chidwi kwa chuma. Malinga ndi izo amatamanda payekha mabungwe ena azachuma, amene nawonso, kupereka ngongole kwa anthu. Kuthetsa mlingo kiyi boma zimakhudza mphamvu ya maubwenzi ngongole ndi kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsa ntchito ya dongosolo la zachuma.

Protectionist ntchito ya dongosolo zachuma

Ntchito yotsatira a dongosolo la zachuma - protectionist. Kwenikweni ake - kupereka boma woyenera, ndi zina - ndi mabungwe payekha, kuteteza zofuna za mabungwe a zachuma ku kukhazikitsa ntchito yachilendo zachuma. Makampani ndi amalonda ntchito pa misika ya kunja angakumane nazo kukhuthula zoletsa tariff zosiyanasiyana. boma, pogwira ntchito zake ndi zachuma, ayenera kukhala ndi chidwi chakuti mabizinezi amene kuuzidwa mu misika ya kunja, akanakhoza kuchita malonda mawu a mgwirizano wofanana. Ngati ndi kotheka, akuluakulu mukhoza kuchita zimenezi kapena zina miyeso protectionist anatengedwa kuteteza makampani dziko.

The chidwi cha boma kuthetsa mavuto bwino zimayamba ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kupatula patsogolo wololera zokhudzana ndi kuteteza zofuna chuma nkhaniyi, mfundo mbali ya dziko, amathandiza zochitika monga:

- kufunika kukhalabe okhazikika mu kampani, amene kunja msika - chachikulu ndi ndilo bwana waukulu mu Russia;

- kufunika kukhalabe mpikisano chuma pa dziko msika, ngati pamaso pa makampani dziko mu gawo makamaka za bizinesi n'kofunika.

Nthawi zina, boma limathandiza kuti kukhazikitsa miyezo protectionist pofuna kuteteza wothandizira chuma cha mayiko wochezeka kuti ndi zibwenzi mu izi kapena kucheza chuma ndi ndale.

ntchito zachuma monga gwero la chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko

Pali kutanthauzira wina ndi maganizo "ntchito zachuma" omwe adzatenge kuganizira ake pa nkhani ya kukhazikitsa ndondomeko boma la chitukuko cha chuma lonse - monga gwero la chitukuko cha dziko. zinthu izi zikhoza kukhala a khalidwe osiyanasiyana. Mu nkhani iyi, anaona chinthu chuma ntchito mu funso, kukhazikitsa pa mlingo wa mabungwe alipo boma.

kumvetsa yoyenera mawu akuti pansi kulingalira ndi anasonyeza maganizo a ofufuza woimira masukulu osiyanasiyana a zachuma. Zidzakhala zothandiza kuti tione momwe ziyenera angathe kuchitidwa ntchito lolingana mu kafukufuku, zambiri.

Kukhazikitsa ntchito chuma cha boma: mokoma

Pakati ofufuza ochuluka awiri mfundo wokongola anthuwo maganizo pankhani kukhazikitsa boma la ntchito yake zachuma. Choncho, malinga n'kunena kwa Baibulo lina, akuluakulu ayenera zotsatira kochepa pa njira zachuma: amaganiza kuti chotenga mbali adzakhala zochepa kuti buku la magwero zofunika za chilamulo, chimene zofunika zizindikiro zazikulu za citukuko adzakhala anaika. Monga Mwachitsanzo, mlingo chinsinsi pa zomwe ngongole ayenera chikalata. udindo uwu uli pafupi ndi akatswiri, kuimira sukulu owolowa manja, amene amati izi mawonedwe kuti pa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma, ubale mabungwe yazachuma kuti mukhale munzere momasuka kwambiri ngati nkotheka. alowererepo chidwi angathe kuyambitsa lochitira therebetween, Si misika.

view wina ndi mbali kiyi chuma chuma - ndipo tiyeni msika, koposa zonse, ayenera adzanyamula boma. Maganizo otere imene akuluakulu a sukulu Keynesian. Mfundo yeniyeni apa - chosowa Mwachangu mu Kugawilidwa kwanthaka likulu mwa zigawo zosiyanasiyana za chuma mu msika ufulu. Komanso, ngati ubale pakati pa mabungwe malonda zimamangidwa popanda moyang'aniridwa bwino ndi boma, zikhoza kuyamba kuchita monopolization a msika - ndi nawo cartels, monga mbali ya Kuphatikizana ndi kugula zomwe zimadzetsa mabungwe ena akhoza kupeza udindo zaphindu pa msika.

Zochita, takambirana za maganizo akhoza lowonjezera ndi maganizo ena a chuma - mwachitsanzo, anapanga pamaziko a ulamuliro zachuma ndi zotsatira maboma dziko mu nthaŵi. Mutu ndi ntchito za sayansi chuma m'mayiko osiyanasiyana Choncho akusiyana zayamba zochokera zambiri kukhazikitsa boma zosiyanasiyana zina zimagwirira dziko kasamalidwe zachuma.

Pankhaniyi, osiyana mfundo simungathe kokha, komanso mabungwe zimene zikuchitika kwambiri akasintha ofufuza. M'dziko lina mu mawu a ntchito national kasamalidwe chinsinsi kuchitika ndi bloc chuma boma, ena - ndi otsogolera limabweretsa nyumba ya aphungu. Choncho, kulanda zambiri kukhazikitsa njira zosiyanasiyana kasamalidwe dziko zachuma ku mayiko ena zizichitidwa kutenga nkhani za peculiarities wa andale kapena wa State.

Taganizirani ndiye, kodi ubwino ndi kuipa kungakhale onse likuyandikira pamwamba pa kayendetsedwe ka njira zachuma.

Lachitsanzo owolowa manja mbali ya boma yosamalira chuma: mokoma

Kotero, chitsanzo limeneli alowererepo kochepa wa akuluakulu mu njira zachuma. Ubwino waukulu njira yotsatirayi:

- ufulu wa ogwira ntchito, kumanga msika chuma;

- omasuka wachibale kupeza likulu;

- ndi ndalama chikoka cha chuma.

Kuipa owolowa manja chitsanzo cha zimene boma pa kayendetsedwe ka chuma:

- tilinazo za chuma cha dziko ndi mavuto;

- lingathe monopolization ya misika kudzera Kuphatikizana ndi kugula;

- kuchepetsa mlingo wa chitetezo zofuna za boma la makampani chimango cha malonda yachilendo.

Choncho, kufupi tikambirana, imene ntchito zachuma ntchito boma amachepa, ntchito makamaka mu zikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri kutukula - pamene palibe chifukwa makamaka kulankhula za vutoli, msika machulukitsidwe si mkulu zokwanira Kuphatikizana pafupipafupi ndi kugula ndi mfundo za malonda - omasuka kuti mabizinesi alibe kusowa kupempha thandizo ndi boma, kudalira chitetezo chake. Amene Komabe, komabe anazindikira kuchokera kwa kufunika kukhalabe mpikisano wa chuma cha dziko.

Keynesian zachuma kasamalidwe lachitsanzo

Zotsutsana za njira owolowa manja kwa eni chuma - mfundo ya Keynesianism zikusonyeza kutembenukira, chidwi State kulowelera mu njira ya zimachitika pa mlingo wa mabungwe a zachuma ku msika dziko. Ubwino waukulu njira yotsatirayi:

- mutsimikizira kukhazikitsa yake ya miyeso protectionist mu malonda, kutsogolera malonda yachilendo;

- ulamuliro wa monopolization a msika mu mawu a Kuphatikizana ndi kugula;

- chitetezo amakampani ya mavuto.

Komabe, chitsanzo ichi oyang'anira zachuma ali ndi kuipa:

- osati mkulu mokwanira nthawi zambiri ndi ndalama chikoka cha chuma - chifukwa kukhalapo zotheka malamulo zopinga kwa ndalama ku malonda, mapeto anafika;

- pang'onopang'ono chitukuko cha mafakitale ambiri, womwe popanda alowererepo ya boma kukhala msanga - mwachitsanzo, chifukwa oyamba mofulumira umisiri watsopano;

- zotheka mavuto kupeza likulu mabungwe chidwi malonda - mwachitsanzo, chifukwa malire umuna ndi Bank wa Central.

Komanso, monga taonera pamwambapa, pangakhale utsogoleri kuphangira - chifukwa cha kupeza mabungwe ena malonda aulemu msika ndi nawo nyumba chidwi boma. Mwachionekere, ntchito kasamalidwe zachuma kuphedwa ndi boma poganizira za mmene zinthu ziliri msika. Liberalization kapena, Tikawonetsetsa alowererepo kwambiri ukafunidwe pa maziko a zinthu cholinga zisonyezo sing'anga pakati pa mabungwe. Choncho, ife sindiyankhula kwambiri kudzipereka wa boma chitsanzo makamaka, koma za luso la boma kutsatira miyambo anapereka kwa aliyense wa iwo, malingana ndi zinthu zenizeni zimene zimakhudza kakulidwe ka chuma.