Suburbanization - ndi lingaliro kuti? ndi kusiyana kwa mizinda, de-mizinda ndi suburbanization chiyani?

Man - munthu, ndithudi, chikhalidwe, kufunafuna anzathu. Ndicho chifukwa anthu ambiri padziko akupitiriza "ikuyenda" m'mizinda ikuluikulu. Komano, anthu - kukhala zachilengedwe. Ndi mbali ya zinthu zachilengedwe, malo achilengedwe. Choncho, mizinda ndi malo achilengedwe - popanda makampani ndi utsi kukhalabe lero nkhwangwa yaikulu ziwiri zomwe chikuzungulira moyo wa masiku ano anthu ambiri.

M'nkhani ino tikambirana mfundo lokhudzana ndi kukonza mapulani gawo m'tawuni. ndi suburbanization, de-mizinda ndi mizinda chiyani? ndi tanthauzo la mfundo zitatu izi chiyani?

Tanthauzo la "mizinda"

Mawu akuti "mizinda" lachokera ku Latin mawu "urbanus" omwe anamasuliridwa kuti "mzinda". Mu mizinda (m'lingaliro wodziika) kumvetsa kukula kwa udindo mzindawu mu moyo wa munthu ndi dziko. M'njira kuchepera, ndi ndondomeko ya kukula kwa m'tawuni ndi "zikusefukira" la anthu ochokera m'midzi - m'mizinda ndi megacities.

Pa mizinda, monga chodabwitsa komanso umoyo ndi zachuma ndondomeko mwachangu anayamba kulankhula mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, pamene kuchuluka kwa m'tawuni anayamba kuculuka mofulumira. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali chitukuko cha mafakitale m'matauni, zikamera awa latsopano ntchito, komanso kukula kwa ntchito chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro m'madera a m'tawuni.

Asayansi apeza angapo mbali njira mizinda, akuti:

• depopulation a m'midzi - mu mzinda;
• wasinthika m'midzi - m'midzi m'tawuni;
• mapangidwe madera akuluakulu ndi kwathunthu wakunja kwatawuni wa Pamudzi.

Pa funso "Kodi suburbanization, mizinda, De-mizinda, ruralisation?" geourbanistika akukumana sayansi - imodzi mwa mbali zofunika kwambiri za malowo ano anthu.

Ndi ganizo la "mizinda" likugwirizana ndi chodabwitsa otchedwa mizinda wonyenga, amene Ndi mmene kwa zigawo monga Latin America ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Kodi mizinda onyenga. Ndipotu, palibe kanthu wodzikweza kukula kwa mizinda, amene si limodzi ndi kuwonjezeka zofunika mu ntchito ndi chitukuko cha zomangamanga ofanana. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu akumidzi chabe "osamukira" m'mizinda ikuluikulu. Onyenga mizinda, zambiri limodzi ndi Kuwonjezereka ulova ndi maonekedwe mu mzinda otchedwa "nyumba zauve" - sananenedwe kwa yachibadwa m'tawuni okhala munthu.

Mlingo wa mizinda m'mayiko osiyanasiyana

United Nations Dipatimenti ya Economic ndi Social Affairs chaka amakonza mlingo wotsatira wa mizinda ya dziko. Maphunziro awa imachitika, kuyambira 1980.

Mlingo wa mizinda - ndi kuchuluka kwa m'tawuni ya chonse cha anthu a dziko. Ndipo iye sali yemweyo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Choncho, mlingo wapamwamba wa mizinda (ngati ayi kuganizira boma nyenyezi yaing'ono, wopangidwa mwa mzinda wina) ali anakonza Kuwait, Qatar, Belgium ndi Malta. M'mayiko onsewa zizindikiro za mizinda kuposa 95%. Komanso, mlingo wa mizinda si mkulu mu Iceland, Argentina, Japan, Israel, Uruguay ndi Venezuela (pamwamba 90%).

Russian chithunzi mu kusanja malinga ndi ziwerengero UN ndi 74%. Pansipa mizinda oveteredwa ili Papua New Guinea ndi Burundi (ndi akalozera wa mizinda 12.6 ndi 11,5% motero). Ku Ulaya, mlingo wotsikitsitsa mizinda Ndi mmene kwa Moldova (peresenti 49).

Lingaliro la agglomeration m'tawuni

Metropolitan m'madera - chodabwitsa chimene inextricably zogwirizana ndi ndondomeko za mizinda. Izi ndondomeko ya akulumikiza oyandikana midzi m'matawuni dongosolo kuipidwa ndi Integrated. Mwa dongosolo, kupanga kulankhulana otetezeka kwambiri: kupanga mayendedwe, sayansi ndi chikhalidwe. Metropolitan m'madera - ndi limodzi mwa magawo masoka njira mizinda.

Pali mitundu iwiri waukulu agglomerations:

• monocentric (linakhazikitsidwa ndi phata chapakati mzinda);
• polycentric (kudzikundikira midzi angapo ofanana m'tawuni).

mbali zotsatirazi muli khalidwe la mzinda:

1. Pawiri mzinda chapakati ndi pafupi mizinda ina ndi midzi (popanda mipata kwambiri dera lawo).
2. Chiwerengero cha malo anamanga-mu mzinda ayenera kupitiliza kuchuluka zaulimi.
3. Chifukwa agglomeration aliyense amakhala ndi kuntchito tsiku - ntchito, maphunziro, chikhalidwe ndi ntchito zokopa alendo.

Malinga ndi bungwelo padziko lathuli, pali zosachepera 450 m'madera matauni, omwe amakhala anthu osachepera wani miliyoni. The agglomeration waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse anazindikira mwa Tokyo Metropolitan Area, amene ali kunyumba kwa kuzungulira 35 miliyoni anthu. Dziko kutsogolera chiwerengero cha agglomerations m'matauni ndi: China, USA, India, Brazil ndi Russia.

agglomerations Urban ku Russia

N'zochititsa chidwi Russia pa mlingo boma sikukanakhala mlandu wa agglomerations m'matawuni dziko. Choncho, umboni pa nkhaniyi zingakhale zosiyana pang'ono Chrixitu.

Komabe, m'dera la Russia anaganiza kuonetsetsa 22 agglomeration. Yaikulu ya iwo ali motere (mu parentheses amasonyeza pafupifupi chiwerengero cha anthu):

1. Moscow (16 m).
2. St. Petersburg (5.6m).
3. Samara-Toliattinskaya (2.3m).
4. Ekaterinburgskaya (2.2m).
5. Rostov (1.7m).

Kumadera Russian matauni ankaikira mafakitale mkulu wa m'deralo, mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko zomangamanga, ambiri mabungwe kafukufuku ndipo maphunziro apamwamba. Mtokoma wa agglomerations mu Russia ndi monocentric, ndiye iwo ali amodzi, malo osiyana, amene akulamulira midzi ina yonse ndi midzi.

Suburbanization: tanthauzo

Tsopano m'pofunika kuganizira mfundo zina zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama maphunziro a m'tawuni. Suburbanization - ndicho cha zinthu zosiyana ndi zimene cheni ake?

Mawu amenewa analowa ntchito ndi achangu mu theka lachiwiri la zaka mazana makumi awiri. Suburbanization - zodabwitsazi limodzi ndi chitukuko yogwira mabusa - mabacteria ili pafupi m'mizinda ikuluikulu.

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chatha, ambiri a anthu anayamba kupita m'mphepete kwa mzinda, kuchokera phokoso la mafakitale ndi mpweya zonyansa kwambiri kwa mitunda achilengedwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo, izi "osamuka" Musayambe kulima malo wamasiyeyo ndi nkhuku. Iwo kupitiriza kugwira ntchito mu mzinda maola angapo tsiku lililonse kuti ndi ntchito. Kumene, suburbanization zinayamba kutheka zikomo yekha kuti chitukuko cha misa motorization.

Mizinda - kuti suburbanization ndi!

Posachedwapa, magazini "The Economist" lofalitsidwa nkhani zosangalatsa lotchedwa "The Planet a dela la mzinda." Malinga ndi lemba la nkhani, suburbanization - si kanthu koma "ananamizira" mizinda! Ndipotu, dziko la lero mzinda ndi malo mzinda kukula kokha likuvutika dela la mzinda. Kupatulapo "The Economist" ayitana awiri okha mzinda wamakono - ndi London ndi Tokyo.

Ndipo tsopano ife tisakwanisa kuona chidwi chithunzi: ngati zaka 30-40 zapitazo mzinda wa m'mizinda ikuluikulu akhala "kunyumba" kwa zigawo ndi osauka ya anthu, koma tsopano zonse zasintha kosiyana. Ndipo tsopano kumpanda wa nyumba osankhika ambiri aona m'madera wakunja kwatawuni.

Kodi de A-mizinda?

Pomaliza, muyenera kuthana ndi koma lingaliro lina. De-mizinda - njira zosiyana mizinda ya (ku French "dez" - kukana a).

De-mizinda amakhala ndi ndondomeko ya resettlement wa anthu kunja m'mizinda. M'njira lonse, akuti kukutanthauzanso negation udindo zabwino Mizinda anthu. Cholinga chachikulu cha chiphunzitso cha de A-mizinda - kuchotsa zonse dziko m'mizinda ikuluikulu.

Pomaliza ...

Mizinda, De-mizinda, suburbanization ... mfundo zonsezi pachibale ndi mzake. Ngati mizinda - ndiyo njira ya kuwongolera udindo mzindawo anthu, ndi suburbanization - ndi M'malo mwake, outflow wa anthu m'madera wakunja kwatawuni.