Nthaka Kodi ndipo iye akuphunzira

amachita lapansi kufufuza ndi nthaka ndi geophysics. Izi sayansi ndi zogwirizana ndi mzake. Geophysics amaphunzira chovala, kutumphuka, madzi akunja mkati olimba pachimake. Mkati chilango ikufotokoza nyanja, pamwamba ndi madzi mobisa. Komanso, ili ndi phunziro la sayansi mumlengalenga. Makamaka, Aeronomiya, climatology, meteorology. nthaka ndi chiyani? Chilango munatuluka maphunziro ena. Mutakumananso, pezani maphunziro zimene nthaka.

mwachidule

General nthaka - mwambo umene ife kufufuza kapangidwe ndi dongosolo la chitukuko cha dziko lapansi ndi mapulaneti ena otsata dongosolo la zowalitsa. Komanso, limagwirira ntchito makina awo achilengedwe. General nthaka ndi sayansi zovuta. Investigation a dongosolo dziko lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito njira thupi.

Malangizo chachikulu

Onse atatu: a mbiri, zazikulu ndi logwirizana nthaka. M'dera lililonse ali mwini mfundo zake zazikulu, ndi njira kafukufuku. Kenako, tikambirana iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

ofotokoza malangizo

Ikufotokoza kufalitsidwa ndi zikuchokera matupi ziwalo. Makamaka izi zikufanana mawonekedwe, kukula, ubale wawo ndi ndondomeko ya zosayembekezereka. Komanso, kulongosola pano zikuchita ndi malangizo a miyala ndi mchere zosiyanasiyana.

maphunziro chisinthiko

Izi zikuchita ndi malangizo amphamvu. Makamaka, ndondomeko chiwonongeko thanthwe, kusamutsidwa awo ndi mphepo, mobisa kapena lapadziko mafunde, oundana. Komanso, phunziroli amasanthula mkati mapiri akaphulika, zivomezi, crustal kayendedwe ndi kudzikundikira chitayiko.

kuti mumve

Kupatula chakuti amaphunzira nthaka, tisaiwale kuti maphunziro ndi Sichikupezeka chododometsa zimene zimachitika padziko lapansi. Limodzi mwa madera chilango ri ndipo akufotokoza kuti mumve za njira mu dziko. maphunziro akutsatiridwa mu chimango cha nthaka mbiri. Gulu kuti mumve mu tebulo wapadera. Iye amadziwika monga nthaka nthawi lonse. Iye, nayenso lagawidwa intervals anayi. Ichi chidachitika malinga ndi kusanthula stratigraphic. The imeneyi woyamba chimakwirira nthawi zotsatirazi: mapangidwe a Dziko Lapansi - tsopano. Tsatirani-ang'ono zigawo kusonyeza atsopano m'mbuyomu. Iwo amalembedwa mothandizidwa ndi nyenyezi pamlingo wokulira.

Features wa zaka mtheradi ndi wachibale

Kuphunzira nthaka dziko lapansi n'kofunika anthu. Mwa kufufuza izo zinadziwika m'badwo wa Dziko Lapansi, mwachitsanzo. zochitika Geological akapatsidwa deti lenileni, zokhudza mfundo zenizeni mu nthawi. Pankhaniyi tikulankhula zaka Mtheradi. Events akhoza zimachitika wina imeneyi lonse. Izi ndi zaka wachibale. Ndikuyankhula zomwe ndi nthaka, tisaiwale kuti loyamba la onse ndi zoikika za kafukufuku wa sayansi. Mkati chilango pali njira zosiyanasiyana za liwulo nthawi imene amagwira zapadera.

njira Radioisotope chibwenzi

Iwo linatsegulidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX. Njira imeneyi zimathandiza kudziwa zaka mtheradi. Pamaso anapeza ake, Akatswiriwa akhala okha kwambiri. Makamaka, ife ntchito kokha njira wachibale chibwenzi kudziwa zaka za zochitika ziwalo. Chotero dongosolo zitha kukhazikitsa dongosolo yotsatana ya kusintha otsiriza, osati tsiku la ntchito yawo. Komabe, njira imeneyi akadali kwambiri. Zimenezi zikugwira ntchito zipangizo mlandu, wopanda isotopes nyukiliya zilipo.

kafukufuku zovuta

Kuyerekezera makamaka mayunitsi stratigraphic Mosiyana ndi chifukwa matabwa. Iwo amakhala ndi nyanja ndi miyala mafupa ndi madipoziti pamwamba. Nthawi zambiri, mibadwo wachibale anatsimikiza ntchito paleontological njira. Pa nthawi yomweyo Mtheradi makamaka zochokera mankhwala ndi thupi katundu wa miyala. Monga ulamuliro, m'badwo anatsimikiza mtima radioisotope chibwenzi. Amenewa amanena za kudzikundikira mankhwala oipa mbali lolingana, zomwe zili mbali ya nkhaniyo. Pamaziko a deta anapereka deti limeneli la pakutchulidwa a chochitika chilichonse. Iwo anayikidwa pa mfundo zina za lonse okwana miyala. Yomanga ndondomeko yeniyeni chinthu izi ndi zofunika kwambiri.

zigawo zikuluzikulu

The yochepa yankho la funso la chimene nthaka ndi kovuta. Dziwani kuti sayansi zikuphatikizapo osati mbali pamwamba, komanso magulu osiyana a nkhani. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo lero akupitirira chitukuko cha nthaka: pali nthambi yatsopano ya dongosolo sayansi. Analipo ndi akutulukira magulu atsopano a amalanga kugwirizana ndi nthambi zonse zitatu za sayansi. Choncho malire enieni pakati pawo. chakuti kuphunzira nthaka, amakhala osiyana, ndi kuphunzira maphunziro ena a sayansi. Chifukwa ndi dongosolo kukhudzana ndi madera ena a chidziwitso. Pali gulu la magulu awa a sayansi:

1. Ntchito amalanga.
2. About kutumphuka dziko lapansi.
3. Pa njira zamakono za miyala.
4. The zinayendera zogwirizana mbiri.
5. Regional nthaka.

mineralogy

Kodi kuphunzira nthaka mu gawo limeneli? Maphunziro zokhudza mchere, funso la Genesis ndi gulu. Lithology wakhala kuphunzira miyala, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu njira kugwirizana ndi hydrosphere, ndi biosphere ndi mpweya wa dziko lapansi. Dziwani kuti amatchedwanso nyanja zolakwika. Geocryology akuphunzira angapo makhalidwe ndi katundu kuti kukhala Madzi oundana. Crystallography poyamba anali mmodzi mwa madera a mineralogy. Panopa, mwina akhoza zimachitika chilango thupi.

petrography

Izi gawo maphunziro nthaka ya miyala metamorphic ndi igneous makamaka ofotokoza mbali. Pankhaniyi tikulankhula Genesis, zikuchokera, mbali kapangidwe ndi gulu.

Oyambirira gawo Geotectonics

Pali azimuth kuti wakhala akuphunzira chisokonezo wa kutumphuka ndi mitundu ya zosayembekezereka wa matupi zogwirizana. Dzinali - structural nthaka. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti sayansi Geotectonics anaonekera chiyambi cha m'ma XIX. Kandalama nthaka anafufuza dislocation tectonic wa sikelo sing'anga ndi yaing'ono. Kukula - makumi mazana makilomita. sayansi Izi potsiriza anapanga okha kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma. Choncho panali kosangalatsa kwa kudzipatula mayunitsi tectonic wa padziko lonse ndi chokhala. Kenako ziphunzitso pang'onopang'ono wamkulu mu geotectonics.

tectonics

Chigawo chino amaphunzira nthaka ya crustal kuyenda. Kumaphatikizaponso madera awa:

1. Experimental tectonics.
2. Neotectonics.
3. Geotectonics.

Ndime yopapatiza

• Volcanology. gawo m'malo yopapatiza wa nthaka. Iye wakhala kuphunzira kuphulika kwa mapiri.
• Seismology. Chigawo chino chikuchita ndi kuphunzira njira nthaka Geological komwe kumachitika nthawi zivomezi. Kumaphatikizaponso seismozonings.
• Geocryology. Chigawo chimenechi chimanena kuphunzira nthaka wa Madzi oundana.
• Petrology. gawo ikufotokoza za chiyambi cha nthaka, ndi zikhalidwe za chiyambi cha miyala metamorphic ndi igneous.

The ndondomeko ya njira

kuti nthaka yonse kuphunzira, kumathandiza kumvetsa bwino za njira zosiyanasiyana pansi. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la zochitika ndi nkhani zofunika. Pajatu aliyense sayansi Geological ndi mbiri mu amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana. Iwo amaona kuti maphunziro amene alipo kuyambira mfundo imeneyi. Choyamba, sayansi izi tikupeza ndondomeko ya mapangidwe nyumba ano.

gulu la nthawi

mbiri lonse lapansi lagawidwa magawo awiri aakulu, omwe amatchedwa eons. Gawo ili mogwirizana ndi maonekedwe a zamoyo ndi mbali zolimba kuti achoke m'chipembedzo mu matope a. Malinga ndi deta ya paleontology amalola kudziwa wachibale Geological zaka.

nkhani kafukufuku

Phanerozoic anayamba mkubwela kwa mchere pa dziko. Choncho, moyo panja otukuka. Nthawiyi unachitika Precambrian ndi kriptozoy. Panthawi imeneyi, kunali moyo chobisika. Precambrian nthaka amaona chilango osiyana. Popeza kuti akuphunzira yeniyeni, makamaka mobwerezabwereza ndi mwamphamvu metamorfoznye maofesi. Komanso, ali ndi wapadera njira kafukufuku khalidwe. Paleontology ali anaikira phunziro mitundu wakale moyo. Iye ali ndi malongosoledwe a mafupa ndi kuda ntchito ya zamoyo. Stratigraphy Mzimuyo wachibale Geological zaka miyala nyanja ndi dismemberment a makulidwe awo. Komanso chimakhudzanso malumikizanidwe mabungwe osiyanasiyana. matanthauzo Paleontologic akuimira gwero la deta stratigraphy.

Ntchito nthaka Kodi

Madera ena a sayansi mwanjira kucheza ndi ena. Komabe, pali nkhani zomwe zili kumalire ndi nthambi zina. Mwachitsanzo, migodi nthaka. chilangochi amachita ndi njira kufufuza ndi kufufuza za miyala. Iwo agawidwa mitundu zotsatirazi: Malasha nthaka, mafuta mafuta. Palinso metallogeny. Hydrogeology lolunjika pa phunziro la pansi. Anaphunzitsa zokwanira. Onse ali ndi kufunika othandiza. Mwachitsanzo, kodi zomangamanga nthaka? Ichi ndi gawo polimbana ndi kuphunzira zimachitika pakati pa nyumba ndi chilengedwe. Kodi ukudalira naye dothi nthaka chifukwa cha zikuchokera nthaka zimatengera Mwachitsanzo, kusankha zinthu kumangira nyumba.

subtypes ena

• Geochemistry. Chigawo chimenechi chimanena nthaka ya kuphunzira thupi katundu wa Dziko Lapansi. Komanso ife m'gulu njira zovuta kufufuza, kuphatikizapo zinthu zimene magetsi a zosintha zosiyanasiyana, maginito, zivomerezi ndi gravimetric.
• Geothermobarometry. phunziro ili chikuchita ndi kuphunzira njira zovuta kudziwa mapangidwe kuthamanga ndi kutentha kwa miyala ndi mchere.
• Microstructural nthaka. Chigawo chino chikuchita ndi kuphunzira mapindikidwe wa miyala pa mlingo yaying'ono. Amatanthauza kunja aggregates ndi mbewu mchere.
• Geodynamics. phunziro ili lonena za kuphunzira njira padziko lonse, zimene zimachitika chifukwa cha zamoyo za padziko lapansi. Timaphunzira zimagwirira kulankhulana kutumphuka dziko lapansi, chobvala ndi pakati.
• Geochronology. Chigawo chino amachita ndi tanthauzo la zaka mchere ndi miyala.
• Lithology. Iye amatchedwanso petrology wa miyala nyanja. Iye wakhala kuphunzira zipangizo zogwirizana.
• History of nthaka. Chigawo chino tikunena kuchotsedwa zimene timaphunzira ndi ntchito miyala.
• Agrogeology. Chigawo chino ndi udindo kusaka, m'zigawo ndi ntchito agroores zolinga za ulimi. Komanso amaphunzira zikuchokera mineralogical nthaka.

Phunziro la Geological Ndime zotsatirazi kuganizira za dongosolo la zowalitsa:

1. ankaganizira
2. Planetology.
3. Space nthaka.
4. Space zimapangidwira.

migodi nthaka

Iwo kusiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu zipangizo mchere yaiwisi. Pali kusiyana mu nthaka ndi miyala nonmetallic mchere miyala. Chigawo chino chikuchita ndi kuphunzira Pantchito za kufalitsidwa kwa minda zogwirizana. Komanso kukhazikitsa ubale wawo ndi njira zotsatirazi: metamorphism, magmatism, tectonics, sedimentation. Choncho, anakhala wodziimira nthambi ya chidziwitso, wotchedwa metallogeny. Nthaka ya Industrial mchere anagawa mu sayansi zinthu kuyaka ndi caustobioliths. Zikuphatikizapo shale, malasha, gasi, mafuta. Nthaka miyala noncombustible zikuphatikizapo zipangizo zomangira nyumba, mchere ndi zambiri. Komanso mu gawo limeneli monga hydrogeology. Iwo ali odzipereka kwa pansi.

malangizo a zachuma

Ndi chilango m'malo enieni. Iye anaonekera pa mphambano ya zachuma ndi nthaka ya madipoziti mchere. chilango chimenechi chimanena kuwerengera m'madera subsoil ndi madipoziti. Mawu akuti "gwero mchere" poganiza kuti mwina akhoza zimachitika dera chuma, osati miyala ya.

nzeru Features

Nthaka ndi mabuku kafukufuku zovuta, imene ntchito akutsatiridwa, kulola kudziwa malonda phindu mitundu yatsoka malo analandira ziyenera zabwino za zotsatira za ntchito zinthu zimene ndi kuwunika. Pa kufufuza amene anaika zoikamo miyala ndi mafakitale. Nawonso, ziri zofunika kwa zigawo zogwirizana za kuwunika. Imeneyi imagwiranso kwa processing mchere yotengedwa, kuonetsetsa zochitika ntchito, mamangidwe a zomangamanga amakampani migodi. Choncho, motsimikiza zipangizo zoyenerera kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe matupi. Nkofunika kusankha dongosolo zina processing mchere. Installs ndi contours a matupi awo. Izi amaganizira malire miyala. Kwenikweni, ukukamba zolakwa pamwamba ndi kulankhula lithological formations zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, pali kulembetsa wa chitsanzo kufalitsa mchere, pamaso zosafunika zoipa, ndipo zili ndi ufulu Gawo.

The M'maso chapamwamba kutumphuka ndi

Kuphunzira nawo zomangamanga nthaka. mfundo zimene analandira mu kuphunzira kwa dothi, mpata kudziwa woyenerera wa zipangizo zoyenerera kumangira zinthu zenizeni. The M'maso chapamwamba kutumphuka padziko lapansi nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chilengedwe miyala. Chinthu kuphunzira mu gawo limeneli ndi mfundo za peculiarities dera ake, mphamvu ndi kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe. Timaphunzira ndipo mogwirizana ndi nyumba zomangamanga. iwowa nthawi zambiri amatchedwa zinthu za technosphere lapansi. Izi amaganizira anakonza, panopa kapena pogwira ntchito zachuma cha munthuyo. Kusonkhezera Geological kuwunika malo ikukhudza Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa membala wapadera, amene amakhala ndi katundu yunifolomu.

A mfundo zingapo chabe zofunikira

The zambiri pamwamba umathandiza munthu timvetsetsetse zimene nthaka. M'pofunika kuti sayansi akuti ndi mbiri yakale. Izo ndi ntchito zambiri zofunika. Choyamba, izo nkhawa za tanthauzo la zinthu zinayendera miyala. Pakuti mkulu khalidwe la mavuto amenewa wachita kale intuitively anayamba angapo zizindikiro wamba ndi losavuta zokhudzana nthawi ubale wa miyala. ubale Intrusive kuimira ziwalo ojambula miyala ndi mbali zawo. mfundo zonse n'zochokera mbali wapezeka. Wachibale zaka Mzimuyo ndi intersecting ubale. Mwachitsanzo, ngati simukutha thanthwe, Ndizachidziwikire kuti fupa lothyoka unakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pawo. Mfundo kupitiriza ndi kuti pomanga mfundo zigawo anapanga akhoza anatambasula pamwamba pa dziko, ngati izo si kuchepetsa misa ina.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Anaona woyamba zambiri amati ndi nthaka zazikulu. Pankhaniyi amatanthauza mfundo za coastlines kusuntha, kukokololoka kwa mapiri, mapiri ndi zivomezi. Pofunafuna m'kagulu matupi Geological ndi kufotokoza mchere anali Avicenna ndi Al-Burini. Pakali pano, ena amanena kuti nthaka amakono anayamba mu dziko achisilamu. Similar maphunziro mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano ankachita Girolamo Fracastoro ndi Leonardo da Vinci. Iwo ndi oyamba kuika patsogolo maganizo oti malasha zipolopolo - zotsalira za zinthu zinatha. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti mbiri ya ambiri a Dziko Lapansi ndi wautali kuposa malingaliro a m'Baibulo za izi. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVII panali chiphunzitso ambiri za dzikoli, omwe anatchedwa dilyuvianizma. Asayansi pa nthawi ankakhulupirira kuti mafupawa ndi nyanja miyala okha inakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha Chigumula.

Kufunika kwa mchere mofulumira kwambiri anakula kwambiri kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII. Choncho, zitsulo anaphunzira subsoil. Makamaka izo ikuchitika kudzikundikira enieni zipangizo, mafotokozedwe a katundu ndi makhalidwe a miyala, komanso kuphunzira zinthu zawo za zosayembekezereka. Komanso njira anaziika anali olemera. Pafupifupi lonse XIX m'ma nthaka kwathunthu analankhula nkhani ya zaka enieni a dziko lapansi. Oyembekezera kuwunika wakufayo ndithu: kwa zikwi zana zaka mabiliyoni ambiri. Komabe, zaka dziko poyamba kumatanthauza kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX. Mu njira zambiri, izi zinathandiza kuti radiometric chibwenzi. Chifukwa nthawi Chiyerekezo - 2 biliyoni zaka. Pakali pano, m'badwo woona wa Earth waikidwa. Iye ali pafupi usinkhu biliyoni 4.5 zaka.