Geochronological lonse ndi mbiri ya chitukuko cha zamoyo

Stratigraphic Scale (geochronological) - muyezo umene mbiri mpandawo dziko lapansi ndi miyala mtengo zosakhalitsa. lonse Ichi ndi mtundu wa kalendala amene amawerengedwa pansi pa intervals nthawi masauzande ndi ngakhale miyanda zaka.

za dziko

Modern maganizo ochiritsira Padziko Lapansi zochokera deta osiyana, chimene m'badwo wa dziko lapansili ndi zinayi ndi zaka zaka biliyoni theka. No miyala kapena mchere kuti akhoza kusonyeza mapangidwe lathuli sanapezebe mkati Kaya padziko. Refractory mankhwala olemera mu calcium, zotayidwa ndi chondrites, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu dongosolo la zowalitsa poyamba ayenera kuchepetsa zaka pazipita lapansi ndi Chiwerengerochi. Stratigraphic Scale (geochronological) ikusonyeza nthawi malire mapangidwe pa dziko.

zosiyanasiyana meteorites afufuza ntchito njira zamakono, kuphatikizapo ureniamu-kutsogolera, ndi chifukwa anapereka akuti zaka dongosolo la zowalitsa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nthawi yadutsa kuyambira chilengedwere dziko lapansi, demarcated mu mipata pa zochitika zofunika kwambiri Dziko Lapansi. Geochronological lonse zosavuta kuti mungawononge nthawi miyala. Phanerozoic nyengo Mwachitsanzo, limasonyeza zikuluzikulu zochitika zamoyo zinachita zimene zinachitika ndi ikutha lonse la zamoyo: la Paleozoic kumalire Mesozoic chinali waukulu mu zochitika za padzikoli mitundu ikutha (Permian-Triassic), ndipo mapeto a Mesozoic Cenozoic anasiyanitsidwa Cretaceous-Paleogene ikutha.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Pakuti aka nomenclature magulu zamakono zonse geochronology zofunika kwambiri m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi kunapezeka kuti: mu theka lachiwiri unachitikira gawo la IGC - Mayiko Geological Congress. Pambuyo pake, kwa zaka 1881 kuti 1900, anali ano stratigraphic lonse.

Geochronological ake "kudzazidwa" m'tsogolo mobwerezabwereza woyengedwa ndi zinasintha deta latsopano angafunike. Kwathunthu zizindikiro anali osiyana nkhani maina enieni, koma ambiri Chinthu - lawolawo.

mayina

Mwachitsanzo, nthawi Mathanthwe, dzina lake chifukwa Cambria - ndi Wales pa Ufumu wa Roma, ndipo nthawi Devonian chikutchedwa wa chigawocho wa Devonshire ku England. Dzina la nthawi Permian wochokera mumzinda wa Perm, napatsa Jurassic Jura Mountains dzina. Ancient mafuko - Sorb (Germany anawaitana Wendy) anatumikira otchedwa VENDIAN nyengo, ndi kukumbukira Aselote - mafuko ordovika ndi Silures - dzina lake Silurian ndi Ordovician nthawi.

Geochronological lonse nthawi zina kugwirizana ndi dzina ndipo zikuchokera miyala ya miyala: Malasha anaonekera mogwirizana ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha matabwa khala pa zofukulidwa, ndipo Cretaceous - chifukwa chakuti wolemba choko kufalikira mu dziko.

kumanga mfundo

Kudziwa wachibale Geological zaka miyala, Kumafunikira wapadera geochronological lonse. AD, nthawi imene uli m'badwo umene amayezedwa zaka, osati akutukwana kwa Akatswiriwa. zamoyo zonse padziko lathuli unagawidwa gawo kuwiri - Phanerozoic ndi kriptozoy (Precambrian), amene delimited ndi maonekedwe a mafupawa miyala nyanja.

Kriptozoy - chidwi nthawi, kwathunthu chobisika kwa ife, monga ndiye alipo zamoyo zofewa wamphamvu, asiya ngakhale mu miyala nyanja. Nthawi Geological nthawi lonse monga Ediacaria ndi Mathanthwe, anaonekera mu Phanerozoic ndi kafukufuku zokwiriridwa anazipeza mtundu wa zosiyanasiyana nkhono ndi mitundu ya zamoyo zina. Apeza wa malasha zinyama ndi zomera asiya n'kugawa strata ndi kuwapatsa mayina yoyenera.

nthawi intervals

Gulu lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri - Pofuna kudziwa ranges wa moyo dziko lapansi pamene zinayi nthawi yaikulu anagawa geochronological lonse. Table ambaaonesa monga chachikulu (Precambrian), sekondale (PALEOZOIC ndi Mezozoic), ukachenjede (pafupifupi onse Cainozoe) ndi quaternary - nthawi ili ndi udindo wapadera chifukwa ngakhale ndi yaifupi, koma lili ndi zochitika kusiya kuda yowala komanso kuwerenga.

Tsopano kwa mayiko geochronological lonse Lapansi lagawidwa 4 AD ndi nthawi 11. Koma otsiriza awiri amene zidzasankhidwa ndi wina machitidwe 7 (nthawi). Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa. Chochititsa chidwi ndi zigawo yomaliza, chifukwa nthawi imeneyi Geological limafanana ndi nthawi yatsoka ndi chitukuko cha anthu.

yachitika

Kwa zaka biliyoni theka anayi ndipo zochitika izi zinachitikira m'mbiri dziko lapansi:

• Panali chisanadze nyukiliya zamoyo (prokaryotes choyamba) - zaka mabiliyoni anayi zapitazo.
• Luso zamoyo kwa dzuwa - zaka biliyoni atatu zapitazo.
• maselo anaonekera ndi phata la (eukaryotes) - zaka biliyoni zapitazo.
• Yopangidwa multicellular zamoyo - zaka biliyoni zapitazo.
• Panali tizilombo makolo kuti: arthropods choyamba, arachnids, nkhanu, ndi magulu ena - zaka miliyoni 570 zapitazo.
• Nsomba ndi protoamfibii - ali ndi zaka mamiliyoni faifi handiredi.
• Panali zomera lapadziko ndi atikondweretse kale zaka miliyoni 475.
• Tizilombo m'dziko zaka miliyoni mazana anai, ndi zomera yemweyo nthawi imeneyi analandira mbewu.
• Achule moyo padziko lapansi kwa zaka mamiliyoni 360.
• Zokwawa (zokwawa) anaonekera zaka mamilioni zana zitatu zapitazo.
• zaka mazana awiri miliyoni zapitazo, nyama loyamba anayamba kusintha.
• zaka zana ndi makumi asanu zapitazo miliyoni - mbalame woyamba anali kuyesera kuti adziwe mlengalenga.
• zaka zana ndi miliyoni makumi atatu zapitazo maluwa maluwa (maluwa zomera).
• Sikisite-faifi miliyoni zapitazo Lapansi muyaya anataya zinyamazi.
• zaka mamiliyoni awiri ndi theka zapitazo kunali munthu (mtundu Homo).
• zaka zikwi zana limodzi anaphedwa ku anthropogenesis kuyambira, kotero kuti anthu ndapeza maonekedwe awo pano.
• zaka twente-faifi sauzande, kulibe pa akalewa dziko lapansi.

Geochronological lonse ndi mbiri ya chitukuko cha zamoyo, ophatikizidwa pamodzi, ngakhale kuti penapake schematically ndi zambiri, ndi datings m'malo pafupifupi, koma lingaliro la chitukuko cha moyo pa dziko kupereka zowoneka.

zofunda miyala

kutumphuka yakeyo stratified (kumene kunalibe kuphwanya zigawo chifukwa zivomezi). Total geochronological lonse wasenza ankalemekeza wabwino strata a miyala, omwe amasonyeza mmene amachepetsa m'badwo wawo kuchokera pansi pamwamba.

Mafupa komanso mutate monga iwo kusunthira iwo kukhala zovuta kwambiri mu dongosolo, ena akukumana kusintha kwakukulu kwa wosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza. Iwo akhoza anati, popanda kuyendera m'nyumbayi paleontological ndi kupita pansi kwa okwerera sitima - pa lubwe ndi za nsangalabwi akukumana kumanzere imprints awo kutali kwambiri kuchokera pa nyengo yathu.

Anthropogen

Nthawi yomalizira ya Cenozoic nyengo - siteji ya makono ya mbiri ya dziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo Pleistocene ndi Holocene. Kodi sizinachitike mu mamilioni awa chipwirikiti cha zaka (akatswiri amakhulupirira akadali m'njira zambiri: kwa zikwi mazana asanu ndi atatu miliyoni ndi theka). Iwo anali mobwerezabwereza kusintha kwa kuzirala ndi kutentha, chachikulu chokhala glaciation, pamene kum'mwera nadvinuvshihsya oundana nyengo moisturize, anaonekera ngati maiwe mwatsopano madzi kusambira mchere. Oundana anatenga gawo la Ocean World, amene Sachita mlingo wa mamita zana limodzi kapena angapo, chifukwa chimene mankhwala a dziko.

Choncho, kuwombola zomera zinachitika, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa Asia ndi North America, kumene mlatho anapanga mmalo mwa Bering Strait. Pafupi ndi mitsinje inatha nyama ozizira kukoma ndi mbalame: ndi amphamvu, acheya rhinoceros, mphalapala, musk ng'ombe, nkhandwe kozizira, partridge kumalo ozizira. Adayala kutali kwambiri kum'mwera - ku Caucasus ndi Crimea, kum'mwera kwa Ulaya. M'kupita kwa oundana akadali zimasungika chidina nkhalango: paini, spruce, Oil. Ndi kokha pa mtunda kwa iwo anakula nkhalango mitundu ongokhala mitengo monga thundu, hornbeam, mapulo, mumamera.

Pleistocene ndi Holocene

Izi ndi nyengo pambuyo zaka ayezi - ali sanamalize osati anakwaniritsadi gawo la mbiri ya dziko lathuli, chomwe chimayimira geochronological lonse. Anthropogenic nyengo - ndi Holocene, ndi masamu otsiriza chokhala glaciation (kumpoto kwa Ulaya). Zinali ndiye kuti dziko ndi nyanja analandira mawonekedwe zamakono, ndipo anayamba ndi madera onse Hrs a Dziko Lapansi ano. Kuloŵedwa m'malo mwa Holocene - Pleistocene lothandiza ali woyamba opangidwa nthawi. Wozizilitsa anayamba pa dziko akupitiriza - mbali yaikulu ya anati nthawi (Pleistocene) zinali zodzaza yozizira kwambiri kuposa masiku ano.

Kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi akukumana otsiriza glaciation - nthawi khumi kuposa padziko oundana la hemayo maphunziro ngakhale pa nthawi interglacial. Pleistocene amalima pafupi masiku ano, koma iwo anaika pang'ono mosiyana makamaka m'nyengo ya glaciation. Zosiyanasiyana genera ndi mitundu ya zinyama ndinazolowera apulumuke Arctic mawonekedwe a moyo. Kumwera kwa dziko lapansi sanamuzindikire chotero mavuto chachikulu, chotero zomera ndi zinyama za Pleistocene akadali pano m'njira zambiri. Inachitika pa Pleistocene zamoyo wa mtundu Homo - kuchokera kwa Homo habilis (archanthropines) kuti Homo sapiens (neanthropines).

Pamene panali mapiri ndi nyanja?

The nthawi yachiwiri ya Cenozoic nyengo - Neogen ndi kuloŵedwa m'malo - ndi Paleogene, kuphatikizapo Pliocene ndi Miocene miliyoni zapitazo, unatha pafupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu zaka mamilioni. The Neogene anamaliza mapangidwe pafupifupi mapiri: ndi Carpathians, ndi Alps, Balkans, ndi Caucasus, Atlas, Cordillera, Himalaya, ndi zina zotero. Pa yomweyo akalumikidzidwa zosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe a mabeseni onse nyanja, titero kwambiri kukhetsa. Zinali ndiye kuti achisanu Antarctica ndi m'madera ambiri phiri.

okhala m'madzi (invertebrates) akhala pafupi njira zamakono, ndipo pa dziko chogwidwa ndi nyama - zimbalangondo, akambuku, rhinos, afisi, akadyamsonga gwape. Anyani kusintha kotero kuti pambuyo (Pliocene) akhoza kuoneka australopithecines. Dziko lonselo, nyama anakhala padera, chifukwa panalibe kugwirizana pakati pa iwo, koma malemu Miocene la Europe ndi ku Asia ndi North America zomera akadali anasinthanitsa, ndipo pa mapeto a zinyama Neogene North America anasamukira ku South. Izo zinali ndiye anapanga mu M'madera a zitunda wakumpoto wa Titafika pamalo ndi nayonso.

Paleozoic ndi Mesozoic nyengo

Mesozoic unachitika Cenozoic nyengo yomwe inatenga zaka miliyoni 165 kuphatikizapo Cretaceous, Jurassic ndi nthawi Triassic okha. Panthawi imeneyi, kwambiri phiri anapanga pa peripheries ya Indian, Atlantic ndi ya Pacific. Zokwawa anayamba ulamuliro wawo pa mtunda ndi madzi ndi mu mlengalenga. Ndiyeno panali choyamba, komabe wosazindikira kwambiri nyama.

Paleozoic ili lonse mu kutsogolo kwa Mesozoic. Zinatha za mazana atatu ndi miliyoni zaka fifite. Iyi ndi nthawi ya yogwira phiri zomanga, ndi zamoyo kwambiri yambiri ya zomera onse apamwamba. invertebrates pafupifupi onse odziwika ndi inakhala osiyanasiyana ndi makalasi inakhazikitsidwa pa nthawi, koma nyama ndi mbalame sanali.

Proterozoic ndi Archean

Proterozoic Nyengo unatha pafupi biliyoni zaka ziwiri. Pa nthawi iyi anali njira yogwira sedimentation. Bwino anayamba buluu wobiriwira algae. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za nthawi iyi kutali, mwayi sanali kuperekedwa.

Archaea - akale nyengo yabwino kwambiri mu mbiri yakale ikunenera la dziko lathuli. Zinatha zaka pafupifupi biliyoni. Chifukwa cha ntchito chiphala anali zamoyo woyamba kwambiri.