Nyukiliya Fission: ndondomeko fission nyukiliya. zochita nyukiliya

Nkhaniyi imakamba chomwe fission zoopsa ndondomeko wakhala anapeza ndipo anafotokoza. Muli ntchito monga gwero la mphamvu ndi zida za nyukiliya.

"Indivisible" atomu

zaka za lili ndi mawu monga "mphamvu atomiki", "luso nyukiliya", "zinyalala za nyukiliya". Uliwonse tsopano ndiyeno m'manyuzipepala inadutsa malipoti zokhuza kuthekera kuipitsidwa nyukiliya wa nthaka, nyanja, Antarctic ayezi. Komabe, anthu wamba zambiri osati bwino kwambiri zimene m'dera la sayansi ndi mmene zimathandiza pamoyo wawo. Muyenera kuyamba, mwina ndi nkhani. Ku funso loyamba kwambiri, zomwe anapempha munthu okhuta ndi ovala bwino, iye ankafuna kuti adziwe mmene dziko ntchito. Kodi diso akuona, makutu akumva chifukwa kuposa madzi isiyana ndi mwala - ndi chimene anamatetule kwa nthawi chisamaliro makedzana. Ngakhale mu India wakale ndi Greece, ena maganizo kufunsira amanena kuti pali tinthu osachepera (limatchedwanso "indivisible"), ndi katundu wa nkhaniyo. Medieval akatswiri anatsimikizira ndikuganiza anzeru, ndipo masiku ano tanthauzo atomu monga atomu - ndi tinthu zing'onozing'ono ndi zinthu zomwe ndi chonyamulira katundu.

mbali atomu

Komabe, chitukuko cha luso (mwachitsanzo, zithunzi) zinachititsa kuti atomu unasiya kukhala laling'ono zotheka tinthu mankhwala. Ngakhale anatengedwa payokha atomu ndi electrically ndale, asayansi anazindikira msanga: tichipeza magawo awiri milandu yosiyanasiyana. chiwerengero cha mayunitsi ndithu mlandu chiwerengero cha zoipa compensates motero amakhalabe ndale atomu. Koma panalibe chitsanzo lomveka wa maatomu. Kuyambira pa nthawi imeneyo kulamuliridwa ndi sayansi chakale, panali maganizo osiyana.

chitsanzo cha maatomu

Poyamba, chitsanzo cha "mikate yoyera ndi zoumba" anali akufuna. Mlandu zabwino monga mmenemo danga lonse la atomu ndi izo, monga zoumba mu mulu, milandu zoipa amafalitsidwa. Wotchuka zatsopano za Rutherford anazindikira izi: ndi mchitidwe waukulu kwambiri ndi mlandu zabwino (phata), ndi kukutidwa ndi ma elekitironi kwambiri opepuka pakati pa maatomu. Zokhala Kunenepa maulendo yolemera kuposa Uwerenge ma elekitironi onse (omwe peresenti 99,9 ndi kulemera kwa ma atomu okwana). Choncho anabadwa chitsanzo mapulaneti la atomu Bohr. Komabe, ena a zanyengo zikutsutsana analandira pa nthawi ya sayansi zachikhalidwe. Choncho, zatsopano kwadzidzidzi zimango anayamba kupanga. Ndi maonekedwe ake nthawi anayamba nonclassical sayansi.

Atomu ndi mpweya wa poizoni

Kuyambira onse pamwamba zimaonekeratu kuti ngale - ndi katundu, ndithu mlandu gawo la atomu, chimene chimapanga zambiri za izo. Pamene quantization mphamvu ndi udindo wa elekitironi makina atomu akhala bwino kuphunzira, nthawi timvetsetsetse chikhalidwe cha phata atomiki. Zinafika thandizo la waluntha ndi zosayembekezereka anapeza cha mpweya wa poizoni. Zathandiza kuti awulule akamanena za katundu chapakati atomu, monga nyukiliya gwero - fission nyukiliya. Kumayambiriro kwa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi zaka makumi awiri, kutsegula anagwa mmodzi. Ongolankhula yankho la vuto lina kuchititsa chifukwa chokonzera zokumana latsopano. Zotsatira experimental wafunsira ziphunzitso ndi malingaliro amene akufunika kuti atsimikizire kapena kutsutsa. Nthawi zambiri atulukira kwambiri anaonekera, chabe chifukwa motere njira yabwino kwa kompyuta (monga kwadzidzidzi Max Planck). Pa chiyambi cha nthawi ya kujambula, asayansi ankadziwa kuti ureniamu salt kuwala anachiritsa kuwala tcheru film, koma iwo sankadziwa kuti maziko a zodabwitsazi ndi fission nyukiliya. Choncho, mpweya wa poizoni anali kuphunzira kuti timvetsetsetse chikhalidwe cha kuwola nyukiliya. N'zoonekeratu kuti umuna kwadzidzidzi kusintha anali kwaiye, koma sizinali bwino chimene icho chiri. Chet Curie yotengedwa Analandira koyera ndi polonium, processing ureniamu miyala pafupifupi pamanja kupeza yankho la funso limeneli.

Lamulira cheza

Rutherford wachita kwambiri phunziro dongosolo atomiki ndi zachititsa kuphunzira mmene gulu la phata la atomu. Scientist kuika cheza panamveka ndi chinthu nyukiliya m'munda maginito ndipo ali ndi chifukwa chachikulu. Kunapezeka kuti cheza tichipeza zigawo zitatu: wina anali ndale ndi zina ziwiri - zabwino ndi zoipa mlandu. fission kuphunzira anayamba ndi chizindikiritso cha zigawo zake. Izo zatsimikiziridwa kuti pachimake akhoza kugawidwa, kupereka gawo la mlandu wake positive.

Kapangidwe ka phata la

Patapita anatuluka kuti phata atomiki wapangidwa osati a ndithu mlandu particles wa mapulotoni, koma ndale nyutironi particles. Pamodzi iwo amatchedwa nucleons (kwa English «phata», ngale). Komabe, asayansi kachiwiri wakumana ndi vuto: unyinji wa phata la (ie chiwerengero cha nucleons) sikuti zizigwirizana mlandu wake. Y phata wa hydrogen ali ndi mlandu wa 1, ndi misa kungakhale atatu, awiri ndi chimodzi. Kutsatira izo mu nthawi tebulo helium mlandu pakati 2, ndi phata lake lili nucleons 4 mpaka 6. Kwambiricho zinthu akhoza kukhala ndi chiwerengero wokulirapo wa misa osiyana ndi mlandu wofananawo. Chotero Kusiyana kwa maatomu otchedwa isotopes. Ndipo ena anali isotopes khola ndithu, ena msanga ndisungunuka, chifukwa iwo anali yodziwika ndi fission nyukiliya. Kodi n'chiyani mogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha nucleons mtendere wa mtima? Chifukwa Kuwonjezera nyutironi imodzi yokha phata katundu ndi khola ndithu zinachititsa kuti kugawanika wake kumasula cha mpweya wa poizoni? Oddly zokwanira, yankho la funso lofunika kwambiri ili lakuti silinakwaniritsidwe wapezeka. Empirically, chinapezeka kuti munthu wina nambala ya mapulotoni neutrons zizigwirizana masanjidwe khola la mtima. Ngati pachimake 2, 4, 8, 50 neutrons ndi / kapena mapulotoni, ngale adzatero mwapadera khola. manambala awa ngakhale amatchedwa zamatsenga (dzina iwo monga akulu, asayansi, sayansi ya nyukiliya). Choncho, fission nyukiliya zimadalira misa zawo, ndiyo chiwerengero cha nucleons awo constituent.

Dontho, kuphimba galasi

Kudziwa chimene ndi udindo, sikunali kotheka panthawi ya mtendere wa phata la. Pali maganizo ambiri a zanyengo atomiki dongosolo. Atatu wa anthu otchuka kwambiri ndipo anayamba zambiri akusemphana ndi mnzake mu zinthu zosiyana. Loyamba ndilochokera kuti pachimake - dontho la madzi wapadera nyukiliya. Koma madzi, amakhala ndi fluidity, mavuto padziko, maphatikizidwe ndi kuwola. Mu chitsanzo chipolopolo mu ngale palinso zina milingo mphamvu, amene anadzazidwa ndi nucleons. The limati chachitatu kuti pachimake - sing'anga akhoza refract timaganiza yeniyeni (de A Broglie), mmene refractive index - ndi mphamvu zogonjetsera mavutowo. Komabe, palibe chitsanzo chotero kutali analephera kufotokoza mokwanira chifukwa pa wina misa yovuta elementi makamaka mankhwala, ndi akuwaza wa phata ayamba.

Kodi chimachitika kuwola

mpweya wa poizoni, monga tatchulazi, chinapezeka mwa zinthu angapezeke mu chikhalidwe: ureniamu, polonium, Analandira. Mwachitsanzo, kumene kupangidwa wangwiro ureniamu ndi nyukiliya. akuwaza ndondomeko Pankhaniyi adzakhala lachibadwa. Popanda kunja chikoka kuchuluka kwa maatomu ureniamu zimatulutsa Alpha particles zokha lidzasinthidwa thorium. Ndi chizindikiro, ndilo lotchedwa theka moyo. Izo zikusonyeza, kwa nthawi kuchokera manambala koyamba gawo adzakhala theka. Aliyense mchitidwe nyukiliya theka moyo wa chake - kuchokera timene chachiwiri ku California masauzande zaka ureniamu ndi cesium. Koma pali ntchito simuchita. Ngati mtima atomiki bombarding mapulotoni kapena particles Alpha (helium mtima) ndi mkulu mphamvu kayendedwe, angakhale "kugawanika". kutembenuka limagwirira, ndithudi, zosiyana ankakonda mayi akuswa woumba a. Komabe, koyenera ena agona.

mphamvu atomiki

Padakali sitinachite anayankha funso yeniyeni: kodi mphamvu mu fission nyukiliya. Choyamba m'pofunika kuti anthu amvetse kuti pa mapangidwe phata ndi wapadera nyukiliya mphamvu, wotchedwa mogwirizana amphamvu. Popeza pachimake imakhala ya mapulotoni zabwino, funso n'lakuti, momwe iwo n'kudziphatika pamodzi, chifukwa mphamvu electrostatic yolimba zokwanira kubweza iwo Chrixitu. Yankho ndi onse yosavuta, ndipo kumeneko: pakati likhalebe likuvutika kuwombola mofulumira kwambiri pakati nucleons particles wapadera - pions. Ulalo uwu amakhala ndi amazipanga yaing'ono. Kamodzi kutsazikana nzeru PI-mesons, pachimake limaphwasuka kusandulika. monga bwino amadziwika kuti unyinji wa phata ndi zosakwana Uwerenge onse nucleons ake constituent. chodabwitsa akutchedwa misa chilema. Ndipotu, tchulani misa - ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa kukhala okhulupirika a ngale ndi. Kamodzi wosiyana phata atomiki mbali ina ya mphamvu izi amapangidwa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi n'kukhala kutentha. Ndiko kuti, mphamvu ya fission nyukiliya - Zionetsero bwino chilinganizo Einstein yotchuka. Kumbukirani, chilinganizo imati monga: mphamvu ndi misa zikhoza kusinthidwa n'kukhala mnzake (E = MC ^2).

Chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe

Tsopano amatiuza momwe ntchito anapeza mwangwiro ongolankhula mu moyo wanga gigawatts magetsi. Choyamba, tisaiwale kuti zochita ankalamulira anachititsa fission ntchito. Nthawi zambiri ndi ureniamu kapena polonium, amene amakhala ndi neutrons kudya. Kachiwiri, ayenera kumvetsa kuti fission nyukiliya limodzi ndi chilengedwe cha neutrons latsopano. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, chiwerengero cha neutrons m'dera zimene akhoza kukula mofulumira kwambiri. Aliyense nyutironi collides ndi latsopano, maso zambiri lonse, linagawanika iwo, imbaenda ndi kuwonjezeka mu m'badwo kutentha. Ichi ndi unyolo zimene fission nyukiliya. ndalama kusalankhula wa nyutironi kuwonjezeka riyakitala akhoza kuyambitsa kuphulika ndi. Ndicho chimene chinachitika mu 1986 pa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu. Choncho, woyendera nthambi anachita ndi nthawi mankhwala zimene zimatenga neutrons owonjezera kupewa ngozi. Izi graphite mu mawonekedwe a ndodo yaitali. mlingo fission akhoza mochedwa mwa kumiza ndodozo m'dera anachita. Aone kuti pali anachita nyukiliya anapangidwa mwachindunji chilichonse thunthu udakali nyukiliya bombarding particles ake (ma elekitironi, mapulotoni, Alpha particles). Komabe, mphamvu komaliza linanena bungwe masamu monga mwa chilamulo cha kusamala: E1 + E2 + E3 = E4. Ndiko kuti, mphamvu zonse za koyamba pakati tinthu ndipo (E1 + E2) ayenera kukhala wolingana ndi mphamvu pachimake chifukwa ndi mphamvu ufulu anamasulidwa mu mawonekedwe a (E3 + E4). The aone kuti pali limasonyezanso anachita nyukiliya, chinthu akamagwira kuwonongeka. Mwachitsanzo, ureniamu U = Th + Iye, U = PB + Nehemiya, U = Hg + mg. Iwo sanapatsidwe isotopes wa zinthu mankhwala, koma izi ndi zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, pali atatu mwayi ureniamu fission, imene chakudya isotopes osiyana patsogolo, ndipo Neon. Pafupifupi kwathunthu kwa fission anachita umabala isotopes nyukiliya. Ndiko kuti, oipa a ureniamu analandira nyukiliya thorium. Thorium, protactinium amatha apasuke, kuti - kuti actinium, ndi zina zotero. Nyukiliya zino akhoza kukhala ndi bismuth, ndi titaniyamu. Ngakhale wa hydrogen munali phata mapulotoni awiri (pa mlingo wa pulotoni imodzi), mwinamwake otchedwa - deuterium. Madzi anapanga ndi wa hydrogen otchedwa lolemera, nudzaza wadera woyamba mu riyakitala nyukiliya.

sanali mtendere atomu

Mawu monga "manja mtundu", "Chidani", "zida zoopsa" munthu wamakono ngati mbiri ndi wosayenera. Koma kamodzi kumasulidwa uthenga anali limodzi ndi malipoti pafupifupi dziko lonse mmene anatulukira zida za nyukiliya ndi mmene nkhondo izo. Anthu anali kumanga bunkers mobisa ndi m'matangadza anapanga mwambo yozizira nyukiliya. mabanja onse ntchito pa chilengedwe cha m'misasa. Ngakhale ntchito mtendere zochita fission nyukiliya angathe m'mavuto. Zingatanthauze kuti Chernobyl waphunzitsa anthu molondola m'dera lino, koma zinthu za dziko unali wamphamvu: chivomezi ku Japan kupweteka kwambiri wangwiro mtima wa NPP "Fukushima". Mphamvu anachita nyukiliya ntchito kuti thupilo sizivuta. Technology sidzatenga mphamvu zochepa kuphulika, kotero kuti mosadziwa kuwononga dziko lonse. Kwambiri mabomba "uweme", ngati ukhoza kuitana iwo, musati zodetsa kufupi cheza. Ambiri, nthawi zambiri ntchito ndi kusalankhula unyolo anachita. Kodi mphamvu nyukiliya zomera amayesetsa yesetsani kupewa mabomba kukwaniritsa njira wosazindikira kwambiri. Pakuti aliyense mchitidwe wachibadwa nyukiliya, pali misa yovuta zinthu zoyera zimene unyolo anachita ukapezeka yokha. Ureniamu Mwachitsanzo, ndi makilogalamu makumi asanu okha. Popeza ureniamu ndi kovuta chabe yaing'ono zitsulo mpira 12-15 masentimita awiri. Woyamba mabomba a atomiki Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, zinapangidwa ndendende pa mfundo iyi: ziŵiri wosiyana wa ureniamu woyera chabe amaphatikizidwa ndi wafunsira kuphulika mantha. zida masiku ano mwina zovuta zambiri. Komabe, za misa yovuta Sikuti kuiwala kuti pakati pa mabuku ka mankhwala koyera nyukiliya pa yosungirako ayenera kukhala zopinga kuti kuteteza ndalama pamodzi.

magwero cheza

mbali zonse za phata atomiki ndi ulamuliro pa 82 ndi nyukiliya. Pafupifupi anthu onse a zinthu mbandakucha mankhwala ndi isotopes nyukiliya. Ikakhala yolemera phata, chindichepere moyo. Ena zinthu (monga California) akhoza kuwapeza synthetically - akukankha maatomu olemedwa ndi particles mbandakucha, nthawi zambiri accelerators. Popeza kuti iwo ndi yovuta, ali sangapezeke mwa matanthwe a pansi padziko: mapangidwe dzikoli, mwamsanga lawola ku zinthu zina. Zinthu ndi mtima kwambiri kuwala, monga ureniamu, n'zotheka kuti wachotsa. Zimenezi ndi yaitali, oyenera migodi ureniamu, ngakhale ores wolemera kwambiri muli ndalama zochepa kuposa wina. Njira yachitatu, mwina zikuonetsa kuti latsopano Geological lothandiza wayamba. Izi m'zigawo za zinthu nyukiliya ku zinyalala za nyukiliya. Pambuyo ntchito mafuta mu amagetsi, pa sitima zapamadzi kapena ndege chonyamulira, osakaniza kuyambira zakuthupi ndi chomaliza ureniamu chifukwa cha kugawikana. Pa nthawi, amaona olimba zinyalala za nyukiliya ndiponso ndalama nkhani zaminga, monga iwo kuwataya mu njira yakuti iwo alibe amaipitsa malo. Komabe, pali kuthekera kuti okonzeka anaikira zinthu nyukiliya posachedwapa (mwachitsanzo, polonium), adzakhala yopangidwa kuchokera kuwononga kumeneku.