Ojambula zithunzi Wanderers ndi zilandiridwenso. Russian ojambula zithunzi oyendayenda m'ma 19

cholowa The anasiyidwa ndi amisiri oyendayenda, ndi aakulu mowona ndi m'zigawozigawo. Iwo anayamba yosonyeza mu zojambula ya anthu wamba, moyo wawo, makhalidwe, maganizo ndi boma maganizo. Pa nsalu zokha ayi aluso Wanderers akhoza kuona zithunzi m'mbiri Russian, kutchula mphamvu indomitable mzimu wa anthu wamba. Pakati pa katswiri wa nthawi ino zimapezekanso zithunzi za anthu otchuka ndi anthu otchuka.

Mbiri ya gulu

Ojambula zithunzi Wanderers anali woyamba Russian moyenera. Iwo anasiyanitsa zilandiridwenso okhwima malamulo maphunziro, kutali chenicheni lero ndi zofuna za moyo ano. Association of zisudzo oyendayenda bungwe mu St. Petersburg. Chidwi mbiri a dera lino. Mu 1863, fortini mwa ophunzira bwino za Academy of Tirhana adamfunsa ku utsogoleri wa chikalata kusankha ufulu wa mutu wa chitsanzo mpikisano. Popeza anakana, ophunzira wamng'ono sanazengereze kubwera kuchokera bungwe la maphunziro bungwe ufulu kucheza. Mu 1870, pa njira imene V. Perov iwo, pamodzi ndi a ojambula zithunzi Moscow analenga Association of zisudzo oyendayenda. The kulongosola koyamba linatsegulidwa kale mu 1871. Mu ntchito zake, ndi moyenera wamng'ono anafuna kuwonetsera moyo woona nthawi zonse akuvutika ndi oponderezedwa wamba, amene ali pansi pa mphamvu ya olemera ndi nzika. Zimasonyeza kuti amene ankachitika ojambula zithunzi oyendayenda anali wopambana kwambiri, ndipo mu Boma ambiri osiyanasiyana a anthu.

Pa moyo wa gulu unachitikira zisudzo forte-eyiti mu Moscow, St. Petersburg, Riga, Yaroslavl, Tula, Saratov, Chisinau, Kazan, Kursk, Voronezh, Poltava, Kharkov, Odessa, Kiev ndiponso mizinda ina. "Folk chionetsero" anayamba kukhazikika m'midzi, midzi ndi m'midzi ing'onoing'ono. maphunziro a anthu wamba - ndi imodzi mwa mfundo anathamangitsa ndi amisiri Wanderers. Mndandanda wa gulu mdera chikuphatikizapo Osema bwino ndi amisiri wa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi zaka makumi awiri. Pakati pawo nemaloizvestny GG Myasoedov, Petrov, I. Kramskoy, K. Sawicki, G. Savrasov, A. Kuindzhi, Shishkin, Repin, Vasnetsov, Levitan, S. Ivanov, . Arkhipov ndi zina khalidwe lopambana.

ntchito yolenga

November 29, 1871 ku St. Petersburg anatsegula woyamba oyendayenda chionetsero. Pa kukhudzana anapereka ntchito amisiri sikisitini. zojambula makumi asanu ankazionetsa kwa omvetsera. Kenako, mu Moscow, chiwerengero cha zojambula anasonyeza anafika 82. chionetsero womwewu anasamukira ku Kiev ndi Kharkov. zojambula zimenezi mwa ojambula zithunzi Russian wa Wanderers, monga "May Night" (I. Kramskoy), "osaka pa Mpumulo", "Chithunzi cha wamalonda I. S. Kamynina," "Msodzi", "Chithunzi cha A. N. Ostrovskogo" (VG . Perov), "The Makwangwala Olimbana tafika" (A. Savrasov), "zopanda pake" (I. Pryanishnikova) adalowa mbiri ya zojambula Russian. Mu ntchito zake zinthu moyenera anadalira osati zinachitikira kupenta Russian, komanso zomwe chakale ndi chi zojambulajambula. oimira ambiri a kampani mu zaka osiyana mu njira ya Academy of Tirhana anapita m'mayiko ena, omwe anatengera zinachitikira anzawo mwakhama luso la Nthawi osiyana komanso kamangidwe kake. amakumana ndi zidindo za iwo akuyendera ntchito. Zilandiridwenso Peredvizhnik kwakukulukulu anatsimikiza kayendedwe ka luso dziko la chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi zaka makumi awiri.

Alexei Savrasov

Malo zojambulajambula. Ndi mmodzi wa omwe adayambitsa Association ya Wanderers. Mu 1844 chithunzicho wamng'ono ndi chifuniro cha atate wake akulowa School of Painting, amene bwinobwino amaganiza 1850. The malo oyamba Alekseya Kondratevicha - "View wa boma la Russia mu nyengo sili", "View wa Moscow ku Mpheta Hills" - zinapatsira ndi maganizo a romanticism. Savrasov nawo mbali pa ziwonetsero, ndipo limaphunzitsa pa sukulu ya Chithunzi ndi Painting. Mu 1862 iye amayenda kunja kumene anakaphunzira ku chionetsero luso London, Paris, Munich, Dresden, Berlin, Copenhagen ndi ena. Makamaka chidwi wa wojambula German ndi amisiri English amafuna ufulu ndi choonadi. Nthawi imeneyi, Alexei Kondratyevich analemba limodzi la zojambula wake wotchuka - "mbawala Island", amene anali pambuyo kupereka mphoto pa mpikisano mu Moscow. Popeza 1870, iye ndi mkazi wake anapita ku Russia (Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Novgorod). zidindo wake wa chilengedwe chokongola mayi m'zithunzi kuti transmits. Choncho, pali "litulukira Volga" ndi "The Makwangwala Olimbana Kodi Yafika". Kuti zojambula awa anali kuperekedwa pa chionetsero woyamba, umene unapangidwa bungwe ndi Russian ojambula zithunzi Wanderers. Ntchito zolembedwa 870 a, pali kukula nkhawa ndi chisoni: "Sunset pa chithaphwi", "madzulo", "manda wa Volga", "Rye". Zaka otsiriza wojambula anakhala akuvutika kwambiri.

Ivan Shishkin

Mayina Peredvizhnik kudziwika kupitirira malire a Mama. A chitsanzo chapadera cha ichi - Shishkin. Ndi dzina lake amagwirizana ndi mbiri ya malo zoweta analenga akhala zapamwamba dziko ndi zinatchuka kwambiri. wojambula tsogolo anabadwa m'tauni yaing'ono Elabuga wamalonda banja mu 1832. Mu 1848 analowa Kazan zolimbitsa thupi, koma sanamalize izo. Kunyumba, nthawi yaitali pofunafuna njira m'tsogolo. Mu zaka makumi awiri achinyamata Shishkin akulowa School of Painting, mutu wake kumizidwa mu maphunziro awo ndi ntchito. chithunzicho zonse akuyandikira. Wake anauziridwa ndi chilengedwe, nkhalango ndi mitunda kumidzi, m'mphawi moyo. Choyamba, watsikira kwa nthawi yathu, ntchito ya Shishkin - ndi "Pine pathanthwe." The kupenta mafuta utoto 1855. Mu 1856, Ivan analowa Academy of Wabwino Tirhana (St. Petersburg). ntchito zake oyambirira ndi zinapatsira ndi chibwenzi. Mu 1858 iye analemba limodzi la zojambulajambula wotchuka kwambiri, "View Chilumba cha Valaam." Ntchito imeneyi, mu 1860 anali kupereka n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi pa chionetserocho maphunziro. Nditamaliza maphunziro (1860) Shishkin anatumiza kunja. Nthawi imeneyi anazilenga mwaluso nemaloizvestny "View pafupi Dusseldorf", zomwe zafotokozedwa pa chionetsero mu Paris. Atabwerera kunyumba Ivan akuyandikira I.Kramskoy - anayambitsa "Artel aluso." Mu zaka analemba angapo mitunda ( "Mu kumagwa Moscow", "The Wood-kugwetsa", "Sitima Grove", "Forest Stream"). ntchito zake zonse wavala zisudzo kuti zigwirizane Russian ojambula zithunzi Wanderers. Lero, ndi katswiri kwambiri kwa malo ali otchuka kwambiri.

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy

ojambula zithunzi Russian oyendayenda m'ma 19 analenga yaikulu chithunzi zomera. Mu ntchito zake, iwo anasonyeza kuti anthu abwino mu dziko, otchuka a sayansi ndi chikhalidwe. katswiri ambiri zinalembedwa ndi dongosolo la wotchuka luso woyang'anira ndi wokhometsa P. Tretyakov. Ndithu wanzeru portraitist anali Kramskoy. Mphamvu ya ndalama ya wojambula izi anzeru ndi zamaganizo anaonekera mu chithunzi Lva Tolstogo. chaluso unalembedwa mu 1873 ku Yasnaya Polyana. Chapatsogolo wojambula amabweretsa bwino ndi wanzeru m'maganizo a wolembayo. Chifanizo cha wotchuka Russian wolemba zachokera Mosiyana ofotokoza (tanthauzo mkati ndi kunja kwa kuphweka). ntchito ina yofunika chithunzi cha Archaeology "sakutonthozeka Chisoni" amanena akuya maganizo akuchikazi. Mu zaka 1860-1870 anali kutengapo mbali mu gulu la zisudzo, zomwe zinachitikadi ojambula zithunzi Wanderers. Ntchito Kramskogo "Khristu chipululu" zinakambidwa pa kukhudzana chachiwiri. Zotsatira za mmisiri, makamaka mpaka zithunzi za anthu wamba, "Polesovschik", "losadziwika", "Farmer ndi chapakamwa," etc ...

Ilya Efimovich Repin

Mwina chochitika chofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya kupenta Russian anali kupenta "Bwato Haulers". Ntchito yake, chithunzicho anasonyeza momveka bwino chithunzi cha anthu wamba. Pamaso Repin ichi kwambiri, zowawa ndi zodabwitsa nkhani palibe kuzithetsa. Mu wake umenewu, chithunzicho anasonyeza katswiri wake wa njira zonse za luso ku ungwiro. Kwina kwakukulu chilengedwe Repin - "Religious chionetsero mu Kursk Province". Zinalembedwa 1883, pachithunzipa anakopeka zachilendo wowoneka ndi compositional njira. chionetsero achipembedzo otchulidwa chithunzi amaimira chithunzi gulu la m'mudzi ndi magulu ake onse ndi makalasi. Ndi chikondi chachikulu ndi chifundo wolemba anakwanitsa jambulani zithunzi za anthu wamba wamba. A malo apadera mu ntchito ya zojambulajambula amatenga mutu chosintha. Iwo analenga kupenta "Mu kuperekezedwa", "Mwadzidzidzi", "Kukana la Confession." Mu 1880, Ilya Yefimovich amatanthauza chithunzi mtundu wanyimbo, kusonyeza otchuka kanjedza chi monga D. Mendeleyev, A. Delvig, Glinka ndi ena.

Vasiliy Maksimovich Maksimov

luso lake loyamba luso walandira mu zokambirana chizindikiro-kupenta. Vasili Maksimovich ndatsiriza St. Petersburg Academy of Wabwino Tirhana mu kalasi ya kupenta mbiri. ntchito zake zonse chithunzicho tapereka ndi chithunzi chenicheni cha dziko wamba. zojambula ake sakufuna bwanji sharpness wa omumvera ndi mitundu yowala. Komabe, mbali iyi amakopeka ndi chidwi okonda zojambulajambula. ntchito chotchuka kwambiri ndi: "Chilichonse m'mbuyomu", "mwamuna Wodwala", "Banja Gawo". Komanso amisiri ena ambiri oyendayenda m'ma 19, Vasily Maksimovich mu ntchito yake amayesetsa zikugwirizana kulenga ndi mfundo za nthawi yake.

Vasiliy Grigorevich Perov

Anabadwa mu Tobolsk mu 1834. Mu unyamata, chithunzicho achinyamata amapita ku Sukulu ya Painting. ntchito yake yoyamba kwambiri ndi "Kufika kuyima pa pofufuza." Katswiri olembedwa zaka wake wamng'ono, anali ndi kupambana yaikulu ziwonetsero msewu. Posachedwapa, kwa kupenta "Chiphunzitso kumudzi" Vasily anali kupereka ndi n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi. zojambula ake oyambirira zimasonyeza umoyo-yovuta lathu la wolemba. A chitsanzo chapadera cha ichi - "Rural chionetsero pa Isitala", "Chiphunzitso m'mudzi", etc. Mu Patapita zaka Perov zikuoneka ngati mmisiri chithunzi-malo .. Iye ndi za zithunzi za Dostoevsky ndi Alexander Ostrovsky. Iwo Vasily anali mmodzi wa initiators ntchito yogwira wa Partnership.

Abram Efimovich Arkhipov

wojambula ichi chapatsidwa malo ofunika mu mtundu wanyimbo kupenta a nthawi. Mu katswiri wake Arkhipov pazipita zoona zinasonyeza moyo wa anthu wamba akumidzi. kupenta wake "Kubweranso", "Mu Diso", akhala mofala padziko lonse. Mu ena ntchito zake limasonyeza mavuto ( "washerwomen", "tsiku wantchito" ndi zina zotero. D.), kusonyeza waukulu m'mphawi ntchito.