Pamene ndi amene anatulukira Mpando wopha ndi magetsi?

Amene anatulukira Mpando wopha ndi magetsi? Kalipentala, zamagetsi, katswiri - mungachite ngati mukuwadziwa. Inu mwina mungadabwe kudziwa kuti ntchito ya munthu zinali zosiyana. M'nkhaniyi tiona funsolo amene anatulukira Mpando wopha ndi magetsi? Pamafunika kuganizira mwatsatanetsatane, chifukwa mbiri okhudzana ndi, ndi chidwi kwambiri. Thomas Edison m'zaka 19 mochedwa anatulukira nyale incandescent. Kumene, munthu uyu amene anatulukira Mpando wopha ndi magetsi. Komabe, ichi chinali chiyambi pa njira zosiyanasiyana atulukira zokhudza magetsi. Kutulukira izi, makamaka watilola ntchito mizinda kuyatsa.

lingaliro adadza Albert Southwick

Ambiri amachita chidwi ndi funso: amene anali mlengi wa njira yatsopano kuphedwa? Akukhulupirira kuti Albert Sautvik - amene anatulukira Mpando wopha ndi magetsi. ntchito yake - mano. Munthu ameneyu anabwera kuchokera lili kumpoto kwa mzinda wa Buffalo ku New York. Aliyense anatulukira Mpando wopha ndi magetsi (ntchito za izo, monga inu mukuona, zodabwitsa ochepa), ankakhulupirira kuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mankhwala ochititsa mu yochizira matenda. Kamodzi Albert anaona mawaya anabala wokhudza mmodzi wa anthu a Buffalo. Munthu anafa lingaliro ndiye Southwick, sabweretsa chisoni ndi pafupifupi yomweyo. Pankhaniyi anamutengera kukhulupirira kuti aphedwe chiyambi magetsi akhoza m'malo monga chilango mwamsanga ndipo uweme woyikidwa pamene wopalamulayo. Southwick woyamba akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kuti amuchotsepo nyama zapathengo, m'malo ankatenthetsa iwo. Kolonelu Rockwell, mutu wa Society kutetezela nyama nkhanza, ankakonda lingaliro.

komitiyo

Southwick mu 1882 anachita mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano pa nyama ndi lofalitsidwa zotsatira zake mu mapepala sayansi. Albert zambiri anthu amene anatulukira Mpando wopha ndi magetsi. Komabe, anthu ambiri ankachita nawo chitukuko. Makamaka, Southwick anasonyeza zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo, Davide McMillan, ndi aphungu ndi mnzake. Iye ananena kuti apereka ntchito magetsi ali sabweretsa chisoni, umene uli mwayi waukulu. Makmillian kulimbikitsa kuteteza chilango cha imfa. Mfundo imeneyi chidwi monga kukangana ndi chiyembekezo chakuti ake. Anamva Makmillian anaperekedwa DB Hill, kazembe wa New York. , Elyuridzh Jerry (ndale) ndi Metyu Heyl (woweruza) - Mu 1886, ntchito yapadera lopangidwa Southwick (mano, monga tanenera kale ntchito anthu, amene anatulukira Mpando wopha ndi magetsi) analengedwa. mapeto ake, amene anafotokoza mu lipoti 95 tsamba, anali kuti njira yabwino kuphedwa - kuphedwa chiyambi magetsi. States analimbikitsa kuti lipoti ili m'malo mwa mtundu watsopano chilango ikulendewera.

lamulo kuphedwa

Mu 1888, June 5, yosainidwa ndi Kazembe wa chilamulo zogwirizana, amene analowa mphamvu kuyambira 1889. Unakhalabe kusankha mtundu kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi: AC kapena DC. Kodi zosiyana? Dziwani izi.

AC ndi DC

Ntchito pa nkhani imeneyi, asayansi ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kale Kutulukira wapangidwa ndi Thomas Edison. Komabe, Edison (onani chithunzi m'munsimu) anali oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso anayamba ndi Iye. Mu 1879 woyamba siteshoni mphamvu inamangidwa. dongosolo Edison a amayendera panopa mwachindunji. Komabe wasefukira yekha mu njira imodzi, kotero yobweretsa panopa wakhala kosatheka kwa mtunda wautali. Kunali koyenera kumanga amagetsi kupereka mzinda sing'anga-kakulidwe ndi magetsi.

Kuchoka anapeza Nikola Tesla, ndi Chikolowesha wasayansi. Iye ali wa lingaliro la ntchito alternating panopa, chimene chikhoza kusintha kangapo pa mphindi malangizo, kupanga maginito, popanda kutaya voteji. Mungathe kuwonjezera kapena kuchepa alternating voteji ntchito tiransifoma. Amenewa panopa angaphunzitse imfa pang'ono pa maulendo ataliatali, ndiyeno ndi ogula magetsi mwa tsatane-pansi thiransifoma.

Yambani ntchito AC

dongosolo kwachititsa ndalama, mmodzi wa iwo anali Dzhordzh Vestingauz (onani chithunzi m'munsimu).

Iye ankafuna kuti lipindulitsa ntchito ya AC, koma luso Edison anali wotchuka kwambiri pa nthawiyo. Iwo ankagwira ntchito ku Edison, Tesla Komabe, kukula kwake si powasamalira, ndi Tesla kusiya. Wasayansi posachedwa setifiketi maganizo ake. Westinghouse mu 1888 anagula 40 Tesla eni luso, ndi oposa zana mizinda zaka zingapo anasangalala dongosolo AC.

"Mkangano Chifukwa cha Titans"

Mu 1887, Edison anayamba asamakhulupirire dongosolo, napempha kutolera mfundo antchito awo za imfa anachititsa Mac. Choncho ankaganiza kuti atsimikizire kuti njira zake ndi wabwino kwa anthu.

"Mkangano Chifukwa cha Titans" zinayamba pamene funso linauka zimene mtundu wa panopa kuti ntchito chilango chachikulu. Nikola Tesla (onani chithunzi m'munsimu) nthawi yomweyo kupewa kuthana Thomas mfundo iliyonse ndipo amakonda kukhala chete. Koma Thomas ukali Tesla ndi changu chake khalidwe ndi positiveness. "Nkhondo ya mafunde" chinakhalapo mpaka 2007! Ku New York, kokha Century 21 yophiphiritsira kudula otsiriza waya DC. Maukonde lonse la America ndi dziko lonse anagwidwa mpaka kalekale AC.

Kabukuka ndi ntchito Edison

Popeza Edison sanafune njira yake Kutulukira ina kugwirizana ndi imfa, anafuna alternating panopa amatanthauzabe chipangizo anafuna kuti chilango cha imfa. Scientist mu 1887 lofalitsidwa kapepala "Chenjezo". , Iye poyerekeza ndi variable DC nalongosola kuti chitetezo cha mtsogolo.

Kulankhula ntchito Tomasa Edisona anachititsa chidwi amphamvu. Zonse zatsopano pano zathandiza kuti ntchito alternating magetsi panopa ku imfa mwamsanga ndipo sabweretsa chisoni. vuto ili, Commission linakumana ndi ntchito zina za jakisoni wa mankhwala akupha, zimene ankaona uweme kuposa magetsi. Ndi m'zaka za zana la 20 anayamba ntchito pafupifupi limati kumene kunali chilango cha imfa. Mwina ambiri amavutika mpando magetsi, musakhale mpikisano pakati makampani, komanso mawu okopa Tomasa Edisona patsogolo ntchito. funso linali chakuti kukhazikitsa kuphedwa ndi jakisoni wa mankhwala akupha amapezeka madokotala kuti zifukwa zoonekeratu, sizingatheke.

Kuphedwa loyamba

Mu chaka 1889, 1 January, anatenga chilango choyamba ntchito chidali chifuniro cha ichi, monga mpando za magetsi (chithunzi iwo anapereka m'munsimu). Unit kuti ankagwiritsa ntchito izo, wotchedwa vestingovannym mpando, kapena mpando Westinghouse, zaka makumi angapo. M'chaka cha 1891 zapita chilango zotsatirazi. Pa milandu yosiyanasiyana anaphedwa anthu 4. Izo zinali zopanda kubweretsa njira kuphedwa kwa m'sentensi. Yakhala amphamvu kwambiri jenereta ndi waya chachikulu. 2 elekitirodi anali olumikizidwa kwa mkono, m'malo msana. More bwino zapita Kuphedwa izi, ndi njira yatsopano walandiridwa ndi maganizo a anthu.

Kuphedwa kwa William Kemmler

William Kemmler, amene anapha lamulo wamba mkazi wake ndi nkhwangwa, anali woyamba "Tester" wa luso. Iye anaphedwa mu mzinda wa Auburn mu 1890, 6 August. Iye sakanakhoza zifukwa odziwika bwino kufotokoza mmene akumvera. Aliyense anatulukira Mpando wopha ndi magetsi, Ine akanatha kuoneratu zimene zinachitika. Anthu amene analipo pa nthawi ya chiweruzo ndi mboni ananena kuti zikuoneka kuti adakali moyo pambuyo masekondi 15-20 ya 1 gulu. Ndinafunika monga panopa kwa nthawi yotalikirapo ndi kwambiri maganizo. "Kuyesera" akadali momvetsa yaitali ndipo anapanga mapeto. Ambiri a dziko ndi American kulira anthu anachititsa Chilango ichi.

Kupha ntchito mpando magetsi

Ife kufotokoza kupha luso kugwiritsa ntchito mpando magetsi. Wopalamulayo wakhala pomwepo, ndipo atamangidwa ku mpando ndi zomangira zikopa, kukonza pachifuwa, ntchafu, m'miyendo ndi dzanja. Thupi atathana 2 mkuwa maelekitirodi, munthu wapansi (kwa bwino kwa magetsi atameta khungu pa iwo), ndi zina - pa kumetedwa korona. maelekitirodi The zambiri afewetsedwa gel osakaniza wapadera kuchepetsa khungu yoyaka ndi bwino atagwira panopa. Opaque chigoba ankavala pa nkhope.

Wakupha makina mpeni lophimba pa ulamuliro gulu batani, pamenepo kupereka 1st mlandu voteji wa wochokera 1700 kuti volts 2400 ndi nthawi - za 30-60 masekondi. The powerengetsera amayikidwa mu pasadakhale nthaŵi, ndipo panopa ali wazimitsa basi. The dokotala atafufuza thupi la milandu awiri zigawenga, chifukwa akhoza kuphedwa. Chifukwa cha ziwalo kupuma ndi imfa mtima kumachitika.

kuwongolera

Komabe, alonda a lero anapeza kuti yomweyo mtima kumangidwa (ie, matenda imfa) sayambitsa panopa kudutsa ubongo. Iwo okha prolongs chisoni. Zigawenga tsopano kupanga mabala, ndi maelekitirodi ndi anadzetsa m'chiuno lamanja ndi lamanzere phewa mlandu anadutsa mtima ndi msempha.

Zamagetsi mpando - chilango chankhanza

Kodi kanthu amene anatulukira Mpando wopha ndi magetsi: kalipentala kapena zamagetsi? Chofunika, njira ya chilango ali woipa mtima. Ngakhale nkhanza njira ina, njira zonse za kuphedwa, ndi mpando magetsi limapereka mavuto oopsa amene azivutika zina aphedwe, makamaka pa nthawi imene zipangizo ntchito liyenera kukonzedwa kapena kuposerapo. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti mtundu wa imfa anapezeka mchikakamizo cha Leo Jones, odziwika bwino womenyera ufulu ufulu wa anthu American, inapplicable, chilango chankhanza, zomwe ziri zosiyana kwa Constitution US.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa amene anatulukira Mpando wopha ndi magetsi. Dentist Albert Sautvik, zikuoneka, sindinadziwe chimene tsoka Labwino anabwera mu mutu wake lingaliro. Lero, njira imeneyi kuphedwa ndi limodzi mwa zizindikiro za United States. Koma mpando magetsi kupangidwa ndi dotolo wamano, amene anangobwera ovutika.