Pansi pa Dziko Lapansi - chapamwamba molimba chigoba cha Earth

Chapamwamba molimba chigoba cha Earth amatchedwa kutumphuka ndi mbali ya lithosphere, amene anawamasulira kuchokera Greek, amatanthauza "miyala" kapena "molimba mpira". Pamafunikanso gawo la chovala chapamwamba. Zonsezi ili mwachindunji pamwamba pa asthenosphere ( "atha mpira") - pa kwambiri viscous kapena pulasitiki wosanjikiza, ngati lithosphere chimapangitsa.

Kapangidwe mkati Dziko Lapansi

lathuli ali mawonekedwe a ellipsoid, kapena yeniyeni, ndi geoid, umene ndi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena zojambula thupi ndi mawonekedwe chatsekedwa. Izi ndi mfundo zofunika za geodesic amatanthauza likumasuliridwa kuti "Lapansi ngati". Izo zikuwoneka ngati lathuli akuyang'ana. Mkati ndi anakonza motere: - The Earth wapangidwa ndi zigawo olekanitsidwa ndi malire, omwe dzina lawo yeniyeni (mowonekera mwa iwo - ndi Moho discontinuity, kapena Moho alekanitsa kutumphuka ndi chobvala). Pachimake, lomwe ndi likulu la dzikoli, chipolopolo (kapena chovala) ndi khungwa - chapamwamba molimba chigoba cha Lapansi - ndi zigawo zazikulu awiri amene - pachimake ndi chovala, nayenso lagawidwa awiri boma wosanjikiza - mkati ndi kunja, kapena pamwamba ndi pansi. Choncho, maziko a dera lake utali wozungulira ndi wofanana 3.5 zikwi makilomita, wapangidwa ndi zolimba pakati wamkati (utali wozungulira 1.3) ndi madzi kunja. chofunda kapena silicate chipolopolo lagawidwa m'munsi ndi chapamwamba mbali, amene pamodzi chifukwa cha 67% ya unyinji wa lathuli.

Wosanjikiza thinnest a dziko

Pamwamba olimba padziko Lapansi ndi ndi woonda kunja khungu (dziko - 40-80 Km pansi madzi - 10-15). Chimachititsa% 1 yekha wa misa ya Earth. The kutumphuka tichipeza mitundu iwiri - kuyanika akuimira chokhala ndi nyanja - zikuluzikulu. Pali kusintha mabacteria ili makamaka m'bali mwa nyanja - chilumba-Arc. Mwachirengedwe, mbali zothinanitsa kutumphuka zinagwera mapiri, makamaka ku HimalayasI (75 km), malo a nyanja - ndi gawo thinnest (5-7 km). The makulidwe a lithosphere chomwecho pa dziko ndi pansi pa nyanja liri motero 25-200 ndi 5-100 makilomita. Tikumbukenso kuti lithosphere osati m'gulu lonse pamwamba wosanjikiza pakhoma, koma mbali yaing'ono ndi makumi angapo makilomita, pamene wosanjikiza yokha umalandira kuchokera 500 mpaka 900 Km.

Thupi ndi mipweya ya Dziko Lapansi

Chipolopolo zovuta za Earth tichipeza mitundu itatu ya miyala - nyanja (detrital,
mankhwala, biogenic), igneous kapena magmatic (mlandu 95% ya lithosphere kuti: pa dziko chogwidwa ndi lubwe, pansi - basalts) ndi metamorphic (linakhazikitsidwa mu dziko lapansi chachikulu). Mu zikuluzikulu madzi ndime kutumphuka tichipeza zigawo ziwiri. 99,5% ya mankhwala zikuchokera, amene ali zolimba chipolopolo chapamwamba lapansi igwera mu hydrogen ndi mpweya, zotayidwa, pakachitsulo, chitsulo, magnesium, calcium ndi sodium wochuluka - eyiti okha ku gome nthawi ya zinthu. mfundo zonse za chipangizo dziko lapansi mkati ndi ongolankhula sayansi njira. Phunziro mwachindunji ndi zizipezeka chapamwamba molimba chigoba cha Lapansi, chifukwa patsogolo wosanjikiza wotsatira wa munthu masiku ano osati mwathupi kuwafika. Choncho, mafunso onse zokhudza kapangidwe ka dziko lathuli, maganizo. Komabe, padziko, osati onse kutsimikiziridwa ndi kuphunzira. Patsalanso maganizo ngakhale chiyambi cha matanthwe a pansi padziko. Choncho, onse mayendedwe zogwirizana kuphunzira lithosphere. Iwo ankaganizira zilipo zinthu zachilengedwe ndi mbali chapamwamba ndi nthaka, kotero chidwi kwambiri mu moyo wa munthu.

Features wa lithosphere ndi

Choncho malire a lithosphere akhoza kuzindikiridwa ndi mawonekedwe, lomwe limatchedwa pambuyo Chisebiya geophysicist Moho, zimene anatsimikiza ndi kusiyana velocities zivomerezi. Ndipo potsatira zimenezi zimachitika ankhanza, kuopseza njira kuwononga chilengedwe - kusintha, kuphatikizapo tectonic, kugumuka ndi mudslides, kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Sami dothi adanyamuka imodzi ndi moyo Padziko Lapansi ndi kupangidwa ndi zingakhudzire chilengedwe - madzi, mpweya ndi zinthu zamoyo ndi zomera. Malinga zosiyanasiyana (miyala, m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso nyengo) izi gwero yovuta zachilengedwe ali ndi makulidwe a ku masentimita 15 3 m. Ubwino wa mitundu ya nthaka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Chiyukireniya wakuda lapansi Germany pa masikono ntchito zimagulitsidwa ku Germany. Ponena za matanthwe a, sitingathe kunena za mbale lithospheric, ndi lalikulu malo olimba, kutsetsereka pa zigawo madzi m'malaya zokwawa wachibale wina ndi mzake. angalankhulire ndi "kuukira" zingasokoneze likusuntha tectonic zomwe zingachititse masoka padziko lapansi.