Phula osalimba. Zikuchokera phula, GOST, mtundu, maonekedwe

Monga mmodzi wa ambiri kambirimbiri zipangizo njira yomanga phula ntchito lero, GOST chimene chimafuna mogwirizana ndi osalimba ndi zikuchokera. Pakali pano, pali sukulu zingapo, mitundu ndi mitundu ya zinthu. Maziko a gulu osati zigawo zikuluzikulu gwero, komanso chiŵerengero mu zikuchokera tuzigawo twa awo misa. Phula m'magulu komanso chifukwa chakuti zigawo zikuluzikulu mwina osiyana kachigawo nkhani miyala ndi mchenga, ndi digiri ya chiyeretso ya ufa mchere.

kapangidwe

The zikuchokera phula ndi kumapereka lingaliro:

• miyala;
• miyala;
• mchenga;
• phula;
• mchere ufa.

Ponena za makhalidwe, ena zosiyanasiyana ❖ kuyanika izi sasamalira ntchito zake. Komabe, makhalidwe kapena miyala chofunika, ngati ikuchitika asphalting m'dera kutenga nkhani aakulu katundu chosakhalitsa ndi simenti magalimoto mkulu. zinthuzi nthawi yomweyo kutumikira monga zoteteza mchitidwe karkasoobrazuyuschego.

Monga feedstock kuvomerezedwa ntchito ufa mchere, kuti ali zikuchokera mitundu yonse ndi zopangidwa wa phula. Misa nusu ya ufa anatsimikiza chifukwa amaganizira zofuna ndi ntchito kuti kukhuthala lapansi. Ngati inu ntchito ufa mchere mu wambirimbiri, nkhani wabweza luso chinyontho ukapita Phokoso dongosolo mlatho si ataphimbidwa ndi ming'alu.

Monga tanena mchenga ntchito zopangidwa kwambiri ndi mitundu ya phula. zidazo anatsimikiza ndi digiri a kuyeretsedwa ndi kupanga njira. Mabukuwa ingakhale yopangidwa ndi njira lotseguka, zimene zinachitikira kumafunikanso kufunika kuyeretsa mokwanira. Wapangodya wa makampani ndi phula. Ndi mankhwala a mafuta kuyenga.

Misa kachigawo phula ku sukulu ambiri a phula si upambana 5%. Komabe, ngati n'koyenera amaika mumsewu m'madera omwe zimachititsa chilumbachi zovuta, phula angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchuluka kwa 10% ndi zina zambiri. Nkhanizi yaiwisi amapereka kachulukidwe ndi elasticity wa osakaniza pambuyo solidification. The zikuchokera yomaliza mosavuta anagawira pa malo, chifukwa ali fluidity.

The kachulukidwe ndi makhalidwe a phula zachilengedwe

phula kachulukidwe - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa makhalidwe woyamba kuti akatswiri chidwi ndi kutukula payekha. Natural zosinthika ake ndi otsika limatsogolera olimba misa wakuda. Kumayambiriro kwa nkhani angakhale ndi chonyezimira kapena kusokoneza mtundu.

phula kachulukidwe ndi 1.1 g / cm³. Limatsogolera kutentha zingasiyane 20 100 ° C. Monga mbali ya mafuta opezeka kuchuluka 25 40%, ndi utomoni wonunkhira-asphaltene mankhwala kuti akhoza zili mu buku la 60 75%. Koma zikuchokera elemental gawo la iye ali motere:

• C - 80-85.
• H - 10-12.
• S - 0,1-10.
• About - 2-3.

osalimba a phula mukudziwa kale, koma khalidwe ili si yekhayo amene chidwi ogula. Mwa zina ayenera kukhala ndi njira yopezera zatsalira kapena tuzigawo twa mafuta evaporative kuwala zigawo ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni mchikakamizo supergene.

Makhalidwe yokumba phula

Amapanga phula amatchedwanso phula kusakaniza. Ndi dongosolo yaying'ono ya ufa mchere, miyala, phula ndi mchenga. Anapeza otentha phula, chosungikira ndi chisindikizo atadziŵa kutentha 180 ° C kapena zambiri. Ngati ntchito ndondomeko kupanga wozama kukhuthala phula, stacking ndi ikuchitika pa kutentha kuyambira 40 mpaka 80 ° C. Ngati phula madzi, phula ndiye ozizira ting'onoting'ono basi ndipo pa kutentha kwa -30 ° C.

The zopangidwa waukulu wa phula ndi GOST

coarse phula kachulukidwe anali tatchulazi Komabe, ayenera kudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa zosakaniza mu zikuchokera amakhudza zopangidwa ndi mitundu ya phula. Lero ambiri amavomereza mitundu atatu, amene anapanga malinga ndi GOST 9128-2009. angapezeke mu malamulo amenewa, n'zotheka Kuwonjezera zina zimene zingachititse hydrophobicity, chisanu kukana, durability ndi kusinthasintha cha ❖ kuyanika.

Monga mbali ya mtundu 1 phula lili:

• mosamala;
• mchenga;
• miyala;
• konkire;
• mchere ufa.

Ndi ❖ kuyanika izi wandiweyani monga zipangizo zimene zili chomenyedwa zingasiyane mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 30 mpaka 60%. Izi pazikhalanso mkulu-osalimba, macadam kwambiri porous ndi phula porous. Phula, GOST amene ayenera kuwaganizira pa kupanga angathe kupanga pansi pa chizindikiro 2. Mu zikuchokera zinthu lili:

• miyala;
• konkire;
• onongani mosamala;
• mchenga;
• mchere ufa.

gulu pazikhalanso mchenga kwambiri porous, porous ndi wandiweyani phula limene miyala zili zingasiyane 30 mpaka 50%, pamene osakaniza dropout onongani ndi mchenga analipo 70 buku%.

The kachulukidwe ya phula mukudziwa kale, koma muyenera kudziwa ndi zambiri zoti pali mtundu Phula 3, lili:

• onongani mosamala;
• mchere mchenga;
• phula ufa.

Pankhaniyi tikulankhula zikulumikizana a mwala wosweka ndi miyala kuti akhoza kupezeka mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 30 mpaka 50%. Screenings onongani ndi mchenga uli mu buku la 30 70%.

Kufotokozera zopangidwa

phula kachulukidwe (T / M3) ndi 1.1. Komabe, si onse pali kudziwa za katundu. Mwachitsanzo, phula grade 1 kungakhale kwambiri porous kapena wandiweyani macadam mkulu. Kuchuluka kwa ntchito za ❖ kuyanika ndi zochita monga kumanga msewu malo. Koma phula kalasi 2, osiyanasiyana kachulukidwe ake amakhalabe za chomwecho, koma kuchuluka kwa miyala ndi mchenga zimasiyana. phula Izi akuti ndi pafupifupi zowerengera. Osakaniza anali yofunsira misewu ikuluikulu, okhudza malo Planning yokonza zokutira komanso mapangidwe malo ndi m'mapaki galimoto.

Pomaliza

phula kachulukidwe (T / M3) ndi 1.1. Koma njirayi si yekha amene ayenera kudziwa. Mwachitsanzo, tiyenera ponena komanso mgodi wa phula, zimene zikugwirizana ndi gawo la Soviet Union, chisumbu cha Trinidad, Venezuela, France ndi Canada. Kusakaniza m'nyanjazi mchere, kuphatikizapo mchenga ndi miyala, nkhani inasanduka kutumphuka amphamvu padziko nyanja ya mafuta. ❖ kuyanika Izi imafalira m'madera kubwereketsa ndi osaya padziko lapansi kwa mathanthwe mafuta wopatsa.