Rada "Don-2N": mwatsatanetsatane ndi luso makhalidwe

Mu kumpoto, kumadzulo kwa Moscow dera, angapo makilomita kwa mzinda, ndi zachilendo chinthu - multifunction Rada "Don-2N". mawonekedwe ndi truncated piramidi ndi mbali zinayi. M'lifupi m'munsi mwa dongosolo ndi 130, ndipo kutalika - mamita 35. Chinthu umalimbana ulamuliro wa mlengalenga pa Russian Federation ndi maiko oyandikana. Iye anachita ntchito ya kupeza ndi kuwononga mivi ballistic. Today ife tione pa makhalidwe ndi mphamvu ya Rada "Don-2N".

chidule

Monga mukudziwa, siteshoni ali mbali zinayi. Pa aliyense wa iwo mutha kuona wozungulira lililonse ndi bala lalikulu limene anthu wodziwa akhoza kupeka za katundu yomanga. Pakuti aliyense wa mapanelo anayi a mawonekedwe zozungulira anakonza yogwira phased lomenyera tinyanga ndi awiri a mamita 18. Pakuti mapanelo lalikulu ndi mlongoti ulamuliro interceptor mivi. Iwo kuimira lalikulu kumbali pafupifupi mamita 10.

Ndipotu, Rada izi (RLS) ndi chapakati kugwirizana chida chitetezo (BMD) wa Moscow. Iwo sangakhoze yekha azindikire zinthu zikanavulaza pa msinkhu wa makilomita mpaka zikwi makumi anai, komanso kupereka malangizo pa miyala iyi. Chifukwa chakuti Rada ali okonzeka ndi magulu anayi zokha, zimathandiza kuti kuphimba onse a madera ozungulira ndi kupeza deta yolondola kwambiri pa mipherezero wapezeka.

Mu dziko palibe analogues "Don-2N" RLS. siteshoni ali kuti? Funso limeneli, lomwe ndi chidwi ambiri. ABM pakati likulu Russian ili m'mudzi Sofrino, Pushkin chigawo. The zinachitika Rada inamangidwa Kazakhstan, pa tipitirize-Shagan. Pa codification siteshoni NATO dzina lake Hatchi Mwendo.

Chiyambi cha ntchito

Mu 1963, Moscow Radio Engineering Institute (RTI) pa Academy of Sciences ya Soviet Union anapatsidwa ntchito kuti akonze makina ounikira chandamale kudziwika tsogolo ntchito chida chitetezo. Choncho anayamba nkhani ya "Don-2N" RLS. Poyamba izo anaganiza kuti siteshoni m'tsogolo ntchito mu decimeter osiyanasiyana. Komabe, atangobadwa Launch opanga zomangidwazo kuti anazindikira kuti makhalidwe a dongosolo chonchi kwambiri zochepa. Station imachitika UHF osiyanasiyana sadzatha kupereka kudziwika zolondola kwambiri mipherezero. M'tchire kuti angakhale ndi zotsatira amapha.

Kale kumayambiriro 1964 Radio Engineering Institute anayamba osauka centimeter mtima. Izo zinakonzedwa kuti zipangizo izi adzalola siteshoni kuti latsopano, ntchito kwathunthu zovomerezeka, komanso kupereka yabwino ndi osavuta ntchito. Ndi manambala oyambirira ayenera ntchito monga mbali ya dongosolo lakonzedwa ndi zochitika atsopano ndiponso sayansi. Koma nthawi iyi okonza chisankho ankaona kanthu.

Kunali koyenera kuti akonze makina ounikira zatsopano, zomwe sitikanati azitha kusamalira masiku amenewo, komanso kwambiri patsogolo pa nthawi yake. Pa nkhani imeneyi, lisanathe 1965 ndodo chinkhoswe mu chitukuko cha RTI zisanu tiyerekeze wa Rada lapansi. Koma nthawi ino, ngakhale khama akatswiri ntchitoyi sichinayambe ovomerezeka chifukwa sapereka njira pafupifupi applicable.

Zosintha onse asanu akufuna ena zolakwika ndipo osavomerezeka kupitiriza chitukuko. Kudzera kusanthula ntchito ndi kuika patsogolo njira zina, pali chimake wina wa Rada zingamuthandize. Patapita nthawi anakhala maziko a Rada "Don-2N".

Solutions latsopano

Kumayambiriro 1966, akatswiri RTI anayamba kugwira ntchito lotchedwa "Don". Mu chimango cha zomanga awiri radars ntchito mwa magulu osiyana. UHF dongosolo anakonza kuti inakhazikitsa mu mawonekedwe a yachiwiriyo: m'dziko ofotokoza chombo. Ichi chikanapha samangotiyang'ana danga lakunja kwa malire ake, komanso kuti aziona madera Pamalo nkhondo mdani ndi thandizo la zombo amene ali m'malire ake ndi okonzeka ndi makina ounikira.

Centimeter Rada ankaganiza pansi n'kupuma chimake yekha. Osiyanasiyana ntchito zake kupatula kudziwa mivi mdani m'gulu kukakumana chida malangizo. Sewero loyamba la ntchito amayenera siteshoni centimeter adzakhala younikira gawo madigiri 90 lonse. Choncho, kuonetsetsa view onse chonse, kunali koyenera kumanga okwerera anayi amenewa.

Pa nthawi imene Baibulo la Baibulo kuyambirira kwa siteshoni kusodza centimeter ntchito dongosolo UHF inaima chifukwa silinalinso kutero. Akatswiri anatha zimagwirizizirana limodzi zikuluzikulu siteshoni pansi zochita zonse zofunikira komanso kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zonse. Popeza 1968, akatswiri anayamba zida, ogwira ntchito mwapadera mu centimeter osiyanasiyana. Pakuti chenjezo oyambirira okwerera kuponya mabomba osankhidwa mafunde mita.

kamangidwe kuyambirira

Mu 1969 RTI analandira ntchito kukhala kapangidwe kuyambirira kwa siteshoni "Don H". Kunali koyenera kugwirizanitsa zofunika zonse zichokera kwa zinachitikira pa mapulogalamu kale Rada. Pankhaniyi, makasitomala, mwa Utumiki wa Kuteteza Soviet Union kuika patsogolo kwambiri zofuna ntchito RTI. Vuto linali lakuti zafotokozeredwa makhalidwe ntchito msinkhu ndi mtunda wa mipherezero ndege inamva anali wamkulu kwambiri kwa zamagetsi za nthawi. Mu makumi asanu ndi awiri mochedwa Mu zaka zapitazo, ngakhale zida kwambiri nzeru sanathe kugawana mwandondomeko kwambiri younikira ndi kutsatira mipherezero ballistic ili pa mtunda wa makilomita oposa zikwi ziwiri.

Kuti akwaniritse zimenezi kunali koyenera kuchita angapo kafukufuku zazikulu, kenako ayese. Ndiyeno panali maganizo kupanga dongosolo chida chitetezo chosavuta, nagawira mu awiri gawo, omwe adzalandire mtundu yake nkhondo. Pankhaniyi, pomanga dongosolo Rada malangizo kwa mitundu iwiri ya mivi anali kwathunthu chovomerezeka ndi chuma yotheka. Kudziwa mawonekedwe komaliza ndi mawonekedwe a okonza tsogolo Rada anatenga nthawi zina. Yekha mosazindikira ntchito unayambitsidwa mu m'ma 1972.

Kuti Rada anakumana specifications zonse chofunika, inapereka kukonzekeretsa mbadwo watsopano wa dongosolo kompyuta, yomwe chitukuko anayamba imodzi ndi kapangidwe wathunthu wa dongosolo, "Don H". Pasanapite multifunction Rada Omnidirection centimeter osiyanasiyana wabweza yaikulu kuchuluka kwa matenda ofa anapulumuka lero. Makamaka, anthu RTI tinaganiza pa kapangidwe nyumbayi: truncated piramidi anayi, yokhala ndi phased lomenyera tinyanga pa aliyense wa nkhope ya tinyanga munthu ndi mawonekedwe lalikulu kulamulira antimissiles. Chifukwa cha mawerengedwe yolondola ya malo tinyanga wakhala anapereka mwachidule wathunthu wa Chigawo chapamwamba. m'munda wa view wailesi akhoza okha ngati makhalidwe kafalitsidwe wa Rada chizindikiro ndiponso mtunda.

kusintha

Posachedwa ntchitoyi anali kuimaliza kukonza ndipo analandira zina. The zaluso anali makamaka zokhudzana ndi zida, njira zizindikiro. Mwachindunji ntchito mu "Don H" udaikidwa ndipo anayamba kompyuta otchedwa "Elbrus-2". Anapatsa chakuti dongosolo siteshoni kompyuta zokuzira ndi patsogolo kwambiri pa zida nthawi zamagetsi amatenga zochuluka kuposa zikwi makabati. Kuti ndalamazo zida mokwanira utakhazikika, akatswiri a zapereka njira yapadera wopangidwa ndi kuzizira kutentha ndi mapaipi madzi. Total akuchedwa wa chitoliro anali makilomita mazana angapo. Mbali zonse za zida Rada unali olumikizidwa kwa wina ndi mzake, ulendo zikwi makumi awiri makilomita mawaya.

yomanga

Ndi 1978, polojekiti, umene panthawi imeneyo unali ndi dzina la kusinthidwa "Don-2N", anali wokonzeka yomanga siteji ya siteshoni. Pa nthawi yomweyo zovuta zofanana inamangidwa mu Chikazaki tipitirize-Shagan. Kuchokera kunja Moscow, iye anali miyeso osiyana, zipangizo, monga Motero, magwiridwe.

Yomanga ndi chenjezo oyambirira Rada "Don-2N" anakokera kwa pafupi zaka khumi. Panthawi imeneyi omanga anaikidwa matani oposa 30 zikwi a nyumba zitsulo, anasefukira matani oposa zikwi 50 konkire ndipo kunapangitsa chiwerengero hugest a mipope, zingwe ndi zinthu zina. Unsembe wa zipangizo zamagetsi inayamba mu 1980 yomwe inatenga zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.

yokumba

A kotala ya zaka zana pambuyo chiyambi cha chitukuko cha Rada "Don-2N" unayambitsidwa. Mu 1989, anayamba kuwunika zinthu danga. Malinga ndi kafukufuku boma, kutalika kwa chandamale kudziwika Rada pafupi Moscow mpaka makilomita zikwi makumi anai. Kudziwika osiyanasiyana mutu wa chida intercontinental ndi makilomita 3700. Station transmitters apereke pulsed mphamvu chizindikiro wa ku 250 MW. Phased lomenyera tinyanga ndi dongosolo kompyuta kudziwa ndondomeko okhota wa chandamale kwa masekondi 25 waku Arc. Kuona zolakwa osiyanasiyana mamita osakwana 10. Malinga ndi malipoti zosiyanasiyana, Rada "Don-2N" mu Moscow amatha kuperekeza zinthu zana imodzi ndi kuwatsogolera ku mivi dazeni ochepa. Kapangidwe ka okwerera wina kosangalatsa woyendetsa monga za zana akatswiri.

M'migodi siteshoni anaika chida chitsanzo 53 T6. Mphamvu ya warhead nyukiliya 10 kilotons. M'litali chotero chida ndi makilogalamu 12, ndipo kulemera - matani 10. Osiyanasiyana chotupa (monga magwero osiyanasiyana) ndi ku makilomita 50 100, ndi kutalika kwa zotupa - makilomita 45. chida mathamangidwe ndi 5.5 km / m, mwachionekere, choncho amatchedwa West "Gesell".

Cooperation ndi United States

Poyamba, yeniyeni mpaka 1992, kukhalapo ndi makhalidwe a mmera alibe anafotokoza. Koma m'chaka chimenechi Soviet Union adapangana ndi United States pa mgwirizano m'munda wa kufufuza ndi kudziwika mphamvu kutsatira zinthu makina Dziko Lapansi. Pulogalamuyo dzina lake yozungulira zinyalala Rada calibration muzochitika (ODERACS), amene anamasuliridwa kuti "mipira yozungulira kwa calibration kachitidwe Rada kuti younikira malo opanda pake."

The kuyesera choyamba ndi kupita ku yozizira ya 1992, koma chifukwa mavuto luso, iye sanali kutenga malo. awiri okha patapita zaka, kuphunzira amaphunzira. Pa kuyesera anacemerwa ODERACS-1R US danga yoyenda Apeza waponya mu malo lotseguka mipira isanu ya chitsulo. Awiri a iwo ndi awiri a masentimita 5, awiri - 10 cm, ndi awiri -. 15 masentimita Kwa miyezi ingapo, iwo anali makina Dziko Lapansi. Nthawi yonseyi iwo akuonetsedwa pa makina ounikira "Don-2N" ndi radars US. Mu phunziro, muzochitika ndi diameters pa 10 ndi 15 masentimita anali asunga onse American ndi Russian issledovateyami. Koma mipira ndi awiri a masentimita asanu anatulukira kokha Russian Rada.

Pa ODERACS-2 phunziro lotsatira anaponyedwa danga 3 wa mpira 3 ndi dipole imaonetsa. Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku, ndi makina ounikira Russian anasonyeza mbali yabwino. Rada ake anapeza mipherezero zing'onozing'ono pa mtunda wa makilomita zikwi ziwiri.

siteshoni Features

Lodziwika mbali Rada "Don-2N" (Sofrino) ndi:

1. Zosiyanasiyana. Imakhala pafupi ndi kutali kukakumana mipherezero ballistic, thandizo lawo, komanso ozimbayitsidwa mudziwe kuwombola.
2. The digiri yapamwamba ya chitetezo chokwanira phokoso. Zochokera yopapatiza tinyanga cheza chitsanzo, mkulu pafupipafupi selectivity, lonse pafupipafupi osiyanasiyana, basi compensators pamaso pa kuwasokoneza, ntchito yapadera akufufuza mpata chizindikiro ndiponso n'zotheka kuti zosiyanasiyana tilinazo wa chizindikiro mbali wambili kusokonezedwa.
3. Kusinthasintha kusintha zinthu mwatsatanetsatane. Zimapezeka ndi luso kusintha modes, mitengo ndi malire a zolinga utumiki zinthu.
4. Mkulu molondola muyeso chandamale njira, osiyana muyeso chandamale amayang'anira mu njira zisanu.
5. Luso kuzindikira ndi younikira mipherezero mofulumira chikusuntha unobtrusive.
6. The mkulu mlingo wa chizindikiro zambiri.
7. Kamangidwe yodziyimira payokha.
8. The digiri yapamwamba ya zokha.

Ngozi zone ya Rada "Don-2N"

Pamene Rada akugwira ntchito, kukhala pafupi ndikoletsedwa. Kuwonongeka kwa thanzi kuchokera Rada "Don-2N" amagwirizana ndi cheza amphamvu. Kulankhula chilankhulo tsiku ndi tsiku, "Don-2N" angayerekezedwe ndi mayikirowevu yaikulu. Kupatula kuti kutentha si mkati, ndipo kumeneko, kumene emitter kugwa - kunja. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi mwangwiro otetezeka mkati. Kwa amene pazifukwa zina kunapezeka kuti kunja, wapadera zoteteza khumudwitsidwa anamanga.

maminiti khumi asanayambe chizindikiro chimaperekedwa siteshoni, amene umboni kuti antchito ayenera kusiya madera ozungulira. Mwaukhondo zone kuwateteza Rada "Don-2N" ndi kilometre wina. Komabe, midzi chapatali ochokera palibe. Iwo okonzeka ndi wapadera mobisa mumphangayo, kumene mukhoza kusiya siteshoni ntchito, popanda kusiya zone oopsa.

kuthekera

Kuchuluka zofunika zokhudza mphamvu ndi maonekedwe a siteshoni utumiki "Don-2N" amakhalabe wachinsinsi. Choncho, nkhani zovuta, monga ulamuliro, zikusoŵa ndi otalikirana. Komabe, ngakhale pa maziko a mfundo zilipo ungaphunziridwe. N'zotheka kutsatira mazana mipherezero imodzi zikusonyeza mphamvu Rada kuwazindikiritsa yochepa kuponya nyukiliya pa Malo otetezedwa.

Kupeza cholinga, siteshoni yokha akhoza kubweretsa pa iwo maroketi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku zosiyanasiyana, chiwerengero chawo zimasiyanasiyana 25 30. Choncho, pakalibe chakudya chokwanira nkhondo panopa zoteteza angathe RLS mwina ntchito kwathunthu. Koma izi chabe kopanda, zochokera deta zilipo. A mfundo yeniyeni pa Moscow chida chitetezo wakhala ndi kukhala wachinsinsi.