Protolytic chiphunzitso zidulo ndi zapansi Bronsted-Lowry

Protolytic chiphunzitso zidulo ndi zapansi ndi pafupi sayansi awiri - sayansi zimapangidwira. Ndi limafotokoza katundu ndi chikhalidwe cha zapansi ndi zidulo. Asayansi magulu awiri a zinthu kucheza ndi mzake.

Ntchito chiphunzitso

Protolytic chiphunzitso zidulo ndi zapansi kuthandiza kuthetsa yofunika kwambiri: kulosera omwe mankhwala anapanga chifukwa cha zikuyendera mogwirizana ndi mmene chidzachitika linachepa. Kuti tichite zimenezi, akatswiri kutsatira makhalidwe kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe zidulo ndi zapansi.

Choncho pali maganizo ambiri amene mosiyana anamasulira kuti ndi asidi maziko. Mosiyanasiyana iwo kupenda makhalidwe ena. Potsilizira pake izo zimatengera chimene zotsatira zake zidzakhala zotani.

kachitidwe mankhwala cilamulo

Protolytic chiphunzitso zidulo ndi zapansi ndi otchuka kwambiri, pamene muyenera kupeza momwe iwo kucheza m'chilengedwe. Ambiri ntchito kuchita mafakitale ndi sayansi. chidziwitso ongolankhula obwera chifukwa cha mogwirizana zidulo ndi zapansi machitidwe cilamulo kudziwa mapangidwe umagwirira bwanji mfundo zosiyanasiyana ongolankhula mu amalanga pafupifupi onse mankhwala.

Kasinthidwe ka kudziwa za ankachita zidulo ndi zapansi

Protolytic chiphunzitso zidulo ndi zapansi amatanthauza munthu zimapangidwira wofunikila. Zikhulupiriro Ofunika anayamba kukonza m'nthawi asayansi XVII. Pankhaniyi, zomwe zili pambuyo mobwerezabwereza anasintha ndipo amasintha.

English sayansi XVII m'ma Robert Boyle ankakhulupirira kuti zidulo ndinu thupi, maatomu amene ndi protrusions lakuthwa, m'munsi - ndi pores awo. Choncho, amaona onse neutralization anachita yafupika chakuti protrusions asidi kudutsa mu pores wa zapansi lapansi.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba chiphunzitso cha zidulo ndi zapansi akufuna French apothecary Nicolas Lemery. Mu 1675, iye anamasulidwa "Chemistry Ndithudi," womwe mwatsatanetsatane utoto mankhwala ndi thupi katundu zinthu zochokera mawonekedwe awo ndi dongosolo. Lemaire ankaganiza kuti zidulo ndi spikes lakuthwa, chifukwa zomverera zosasangalatsa zomwe uka pa khungu. malo anawatcha alkalis, ankatanthauza kuti dongosolo lawo porous. Chifukwa ndale mchere anapanga.

Kale m'zaka za m'ma XVIII, wina wasayansi French Lavoisier Antaun zokhudzana katundu kukhalapo kwa zidulo mu zikuchokera chawo cha maatomu oxygen. The kusatsatira anasonyeza amanena, pambuyo English sayansi Gemfri Devi ndi mnzake wake French, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac kuzindikiridwa angapo zidulo kuti mulibe mpweya. Ena mwa iwo ndi halides kapena asidi hydrocyanic. Choncho chinapezeka ambiri mankhwala mpweya munali amene alibe katundu zidulo.

malingaliro amakono

Lingaliro la chiphunzitso protolytic zidulo ndi zapansi wasintha kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Akatswiri zitsulo zidulo kuganiza okhawo zinthu zomwe angathe zimavuta ndi zitsulo ndi kumasula wa hydrogen. Zimenezi anafikiridwa ndi German wasayansi Yusto Von Liebig mu 1839. Chikhochi ndi chimodzi mwa anthu amene anayambitsa ulimi Chemistry ndi Organic Chemistry.

Mu kufanana ndi mineralogist Swedish Jens Jakob Berzelius anakonza lingaliro lakuti ayenera kusonyezedwa zidulo kuti oxides zoipa sanali zachitsulo, pamene okusayidi ndi mlandu zabwino ali zapansi. Zimenezi zinathandiza kufotokoza katundu zofunika zidulo ndi zapansi. N'chifukwa chake acidic ndi zofunika Swede ankamuona ngati katundu zinchito za mankhwala. Iye anali woyamba mu dziko anapanga pofuna kulosera zotsatira lenileni la zinthu tiganizire.

The chakudya yaikulu ya chiphunzitso protolytic zidulo ndi zapansi akhala anakonza ntchito ya wina sayansi Swedish Svante Arrhenius. Mu 1887, iye anafotokoza chiphunzitso magetsi dissociation. Pambuyo kuthekera kwenikweni kufotokoza katundu wa zidulo ndi zapansi kuyambira mankhwala electrolytes ionization. Ndipo chifukwa cha zopereka Chirasha German sayansi chiphunzitso Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald anali anakonza kuti electrolytes ofooka.

M'zaka XX, asayansi American Cady, Franklin ndi Kraus otsendereka chiphunzitso solvosistem. Iwo anayamba ntchito ngati chakudya Arruniusa Ostwald, ndi kulemekeza kwa solvents ena onse kuti akhoza samodissotsiirovatsya.

Today Protolytic chiphunzitso zidulo kwathunthu kwambiri linanena Dane Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted ndi American Gilbert N. Lewis, amenenso chinkhoswe mu sayansi ya nyukiliya ndi yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe.

Chiphunzitso cha Liebig

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha a hydrogen Liebig asidi ndi mankhwala akhoza kuchita ndi zitsulo ku haidrojeni anapanga. Pankhaniyi, mfundo "m'munsi" Liebig sanalowe konse.

Hydrogen ndi mchere popangidwa ndi zotani. Ndi kulabadira ndi zidulo amphamvu zitsulo chionetsero anachita. Today chiphunzitso ntchito kokha kulosera za ankachita zinthu zokhala ndi wa hydrogen, ndi zitsulo zosungunulira.

Chiphunzitso cha Arrhenius-Ostwald

Kusanthula chiyani protolytic chiphunzitso zidulo ndi zapansi Arrhenius - Ostwald, dziwani kuti pali zidulo onse zinthu zomwe mu amadzimadzi njira kupanga cations wa hydrogen. Choncho zapansi okhawo zinthu zomwe mu amadzimadzi njira zopezera zitsulo cation kapena ammonium.

Zimene chifukwa umabala madzi ndi mchere. Pali chomwa, pamene anachitira ndi zidulo amphamvu ndi zapansi amphamvu. Pamaziko a chiphunzitso chimenechi akhoza kulungamitsa gulu la electrolytes, komanso kuona kufunika pH kunachitika zimene zikugwirizana ndi chilengedwe zamchere. Komanso, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu hydrolysis salt ndi zapansi munali salt. Komabe, kuchepa. chakuti pamafunika kuwerengetsera wolemera. Ngakhale purotoni chiphunzitso zosavuta.

chiphunzitso Bronsted-Lowry

chiphunzitso Protolytic zidulo ndi zapansi Bronsted - Lowry anali koyamba mu 1923. Bronsted Lowry ndi kukonza ake paokha. Asayansi amaphatikiza mfundo zidulo ndi zapansi pamodzi.

Malinga ndi zithunzi zawo, zidulo - ndi tinthu kapena ayoni kuti ntchito poyankha udindo purotoni kutero. Pa nthawi yomweyo yekha zapansi anthu ndi tinthu kapena ayoni kuti akhoza angagwirizanitse mapulotoni. Chiphunzitso ichi zidulo ndi zapansi ife tiri protolytes tanthauzo. Kodi chofunika?

Protolytic chiphunzitso zidulo ndi zapansi mu Chemistry kusanduka purotoni kutengerapo ku asidi m'munsi. Komanso, pa asidi ichi nthawi mosatsata purotoni, izo likukhalira yokha mu nthaka. Ndipo mwinamwake, kwambiri, amayenera alumikiza ndi pulotoni latsopano. M'munsi mwa nthawi imeneyi amakhala asidi, n'kupanga tinthu protonated.

Choncho, mogwirizana aliyense kukhudzana zinthu zinakhalira, mitundu iwiri iwiri ya zapansi ndi zidulo. Bronsted amawaitana mating. Awa ndi chakudya zofunika kuti amatilola zopanga chiphunzitso Protolytic zidulo ndi zapansi. zochita Protolytic zimachitika njira ziwiri pa yemweyo, chifukwa chinthu chilichonse, malingana ndi zinthu, ndipo kungakhale acid ndi maziko.

Kenako iye anayamba chiphunzitso Bronsted asidi-m'munsi catalysis, ndi Lowry ntchito pa ntchito kuwala kwa mankhwala organic.

chiphunzitso solvosistem

chiphunzitso Solvosistem anaonekera pa chitukuko cha maganizo atapereka ndi Arrhenius ndi Ostwald. Nthawi zambiri izo ntchito ndi anachita ndi solvents protic. Iwo anadzipereka ku America atatu - Cady, Franklin ndi Kraus.

Malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa limeneri lagona pa ion okwana lagona zosungunulira. Amatha kuphwanya mu ayoni munthu, pakalibe zosungunulira. Mu nkhani iyi, cation ndi anion. Mmene ion woyamba ndi lifiyamu ndipo chachiwiri - ion Liat. Monga ntchito protic anachita zosungunulira angathe posamutsa ndi pulotoni ku mamolekyulu aliyense ndale wa madzi ndi mzake. Potero kupanga ofanana chiwerengero cha anions ndi cations.

The mankhwala a linachepa wobwezera zosungunulira ndi mchere.

Chiphunzitsochi ntchito kulosera zochita pakati zidulo ndi zapansi mu solvents onse. N'zothekanso kulamulira njira izi pogwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira. Chiphunzitso mwatsatanetsatane katundu wa zinthu munali palibe mpweya ndi wa hydrogen.

chiphunzitso Lewis

Lewis chiphunzitso anakonza mu 1923. Bukuli lili ndi kupezeka pa nthawi ya sayansi, kugonjera amagetsi. Kugwiritsa iwo akhoza kudzapeza kudziŵa m'munsi ndi acid.

Mu umagwirira pali mawu akuti "Lewis asidi". ion ichi kapena molekyulu amene ali mfulu elekitironi orbitals, amene sakhoza kulandira elekitironi awiriawiri. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi mapulotoni - ayoni hydrogen ndi ayoni zitsulo zina, ndipo ena salt mankhwala.

Ngati asidi Lewis si wa hydrogen, umatchedwa aprotic.

chiphunzitso Mikhail Usanovich

Maximally ambiri chiphunzitso zidulo ndi zapansi mu 1939 anakonza Union sayansi Mihail Usanovich.

Bukuli lili m'mbali kuti zimachitika pakati pa asidi aliyense ndi tsinde idzatsogolera ku salification anachita. Choncho, asidi ndi amatanthauziridwa kuti tinthu wokha sukhalira lamamatira ku cations, kuphatikizapo mapulotoni, ndiponso kutenga uko mu malo anions ndipo makamaka ma elekitironi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, m'munsi ndi tinthu omwe ali ndi luso angagwirizanitse lokha kuti pulotoni kapena cation ena. Komanso mungathe kupereka elekitironi kapena anion. Kusiyana lofunika ku chiphunzitso Lewis ndi maziko a matanthauzo a "m'munsi" ndi "asidi" si dongosolo la chipolopolo elekitironi, ndipo chizindikiro cha mlandu wa tinthu lapansi.

Mchiphunzitso cha Mikhail Usanovich pali zolakwa. Chief pakati pawo - ambiri generalizations ndi yosokoneza mawu mfundo zofunika kwambiri. Komanso, mfundo imeneyi salola kupereka kuneneratu kachulukidwe obwera chifukwa cha zimene zimachitika zidulo ndi zapansi.