Rada - izo ... Tanthauzo, mitundu, opaleshoni mfundo. Rada

Rada - magulu njira sayansi ndi njira yomwe kutumikira kwa kudziwa chiyambi ndi makhalidwe a chinthu mwa mphepo. Nthambi mayeso nthawi zambiri amatchedwa Rada chandamale (kapena chandamale).

Rada mfundo

Radio zipangizo ndi njira anafuna kugwira ntchito makina ounikira amatchedwa machitidwe Rada, kapena zipangizo (makina ounikira kapena RLN). Chikhazikitso cha Rada zochokera zotsatirazi zochitika thupi ndi katundu:

• Wailesi yoweyula kafalitsidwe chilengedwe kukumana zinthu ndi katundu osiyana magetsi, amwazika pa iwo. Wave zimaonekera pa chandamale (kapena kuwala kwake kwake), zimathandiza dongosolo Rada kudziwa ndi kuzindikira chandamale.
• Pa mtunda lalikulu Wofalitsa anatengedwa molunjika pa liwiro zonse mu malo kudziwika. kopanda Izi zimathandiza kuyeza mtunda chandamale ndi ndondomeko yake okhota (ndi zina zolakwa).
• Pamaziko a Doppler tingati pafupipafupi analandira anasonyeza mbendera mopitirira zozungulira mathamangidwe wa cheza mfundo ndi RLN.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Pa luso mphepo kubweza analozera wasayansi wamkulu H. hedzi ndi Russian injiniya magetsi AS Popov mu m'ma XIX. Malinga ndi setifiketi kwa 1904, pa makina ounikira woyamba kukhazikitsa injiniya German Karl Hyulmayer. chipangizo, amene adayitana telemobiloskopom, ntchito zombo, ndinawapanikiza ndi Rhine. Mogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha ndege zomangamanga ntchito makina ounikira amayang'ana zingamuthandize kwambiri monga chinthu chitetezo. Research m'dera kunali akatswiri kutsogolera m'mayiko ambiri.

Mu 1932, mfundo yaikulu ya Rada akutchulidwa mu zolemba zake kafukufuku Leningrad Institute of Electrophysics (Leningrad Electrophysical Institute) Pavel Kondratevich Oschepkov. Б.К. Iye nayenso, mu mgwirizano ndi anzake BK Shembel ndi vv Tsimbalinym m'chilimwe cha 1934 anawonetsedwa ndi zinachitika Rada, chandamale lili pamalo okwera 150 mamita ndi mtunda wa 600 m. Ntchito Kuwonjezera pa kusintha kwa Rada ndi kuonjezera osiyanasiyana zochita zawo ndi kusintha molondola kudziwa chandamale malo.

mitundu Rada

Nature ya mu atomu cheza mipherezero zikusonyeza angapo mitundu ya Rada:

• A Rada chabe Imafufuza cheza nacho (ikukhudzana mu atomu ndi zina zotero), amene amapanga chandamale (mizinga, ndege, zinthu danga).
• Wachangu ayankhe yogwira ikuchitika ngati chinthu yatenganso chopatsilira komanso mogwirizana ndi iwo zikuchitika pa aligorivimu ndi "pempho - chibvomerezo".
• Yogwira chabe ayankhe kumaphatikizapo kuphunzira sekondale (zimaonekera) wailesi. Rada mu nkhani iyi imakhala chopatsilira ndi wolandila.
• Theka-yogwira Rada - imakhala nkhani yapadera yogwira ntchito, choncho kumene anasonyeza cheza chowunikira ili radars (mwachitsanzo, chinthu structural homing mivi).

Mtundu uliwonse ubwino wa chibadidwe ndi kuipa.

Njira ndi zipangizo

maofesi onse Rada pa njira ntchito kugawana Rada mosalekeza ndi pulsed cheza.

Woyamba lili ake zikuchokera chopatsilira ndi cheza wolandila akuchita imodzi ndi mosalekeza. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, zipangizo oyamba Rada zinalengedwa. Chitsanzo cha dongosolo otere kutumikira radioaltimetr (ndege chipangizo MUNGADZIWE kuchotsa ndege kuchokera pamwamba pansi) kapena kudziwika kwa ziziyenda onse Rada kuti tipeze liwiro la galimoto.

Pamene zimachitika njira mphamvu mu atomu ndi panamveka mu nyemba yochepa ya microseconds ochepa. Pambuyo kupoletsa siteshoni chizindikiro akugwira ntchito kokha pa phwando. Pambuyo kusonkhanitsa ndi boma potengera Rada radiowaves chikutumiza zimachitika latsopano ndi m'zinthu abwerezedwa.

modes Rada

Pali awiri modes zikuluzikulu za ntchito okwerera Rada ndi zipangizo. Choyamba - kuyang'ana malo. Iwo ikuchitika mosamalitsa mogwirizana ndi dongosolo anakonzeratu. Tibwereze yotsatana kusuntha Rada mtengo akhoza zozungulira, helical, conical, khalidwe sectored. Mwachitsanzo, zosiyanasiyana mlongoti akhoza zimayenda pang'onopang'ono mu nkombero (mu azimuthal) pamene chindodo mu kukwezedwa (ingapendame mmwamba ndi pansi). Mu kufanana matchati chindodo mtengo Rada anagwira kunyezimira. Aliyense wolandila yake kuti kukonzedwa mitsinje mudziwe angapo.

Yotsatira mode zikutanthauza directivity zonse za mlongoti cholinga anasankha. Kuti nthawi yake, malinga ndi njira yodutsamo wa chandamale kusuntha, ntchito yodzichitira machitidwe wapadera kutsatira.

The aligorivimu kuti tipeze zosiyanasiyana ndi malangizo

Wofalitsa liwiro mafunde mu atomu ya mpweya ndi 300 zikwi. Km / s. Choncho, kudziwa nthawi imene wailesi chizindikiro kuphimba mtunda kuchokera siteshoni kuti chandamale ndi kumbuyo, n'zosavuta kuwerengera mtunda wa chinthu. Kuti muchite izi muyenera molondola kulemba nthawi kutumiza kugunda kwa mtima ndi nthawi ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa mbendera akusonyeza.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza malo chandamale ntchito Kung'anipa Rada. Khama la azimuthal ndi kukwezedwa (kukwezedwa kapena kukwezedwa) wa chinthu opangidwa ndi yopapatiza mlongoti mtengo. Modern Rada ntchito imeneyi phased lomenyera tinyanga (ndime) angathe kukhala kuchepera mtengo, ndi yodziwika ndi mkulu kasinthasintha liwiro. Childs, danga chindodo ndondomeko imagwiridwa ndi matabwa osachepera awiri.

Magawo waukulu wa kachitidwe

Kuyambira mwatsatanetsatane ndi luso makhalidwe a zida izo kumadalira Mwachangu ndi khalidwe la ntchito.

Pakuti zizindikiro mwatsatanetsatane Rada Udindo:

• munda wa view, okha osachepera ndi pazipita osiyanasiyana chandamale kudziwika, zomveka azimuthal ngodya ndi okwera njingayo.
• Maonekedwe osiyanasiyana, azimuthal, kukwezedwa ndi liwiro (mphamvu kuthandauza kwa magawo a mipherezero pafupi).
• Muyeso molondola, amene anayeza ndi kukhalapo choipitsitsa, mwadongosolo kapena mwachisawawa zolakwa.
• Phokoso chitetezo chokwanira ndiponso kudalirika.
• Mlingo wa zokha la katengedwe ndi processing deta ukubwera mtsinje wa nkhani.

Mwachindunji makhalidwe mwatsatanetsatane yaikidwa pa kulinganiza kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi ena magawo luso, lomwe ndi:

• chonyamulira pafupipafupi, ndiponso kusinthasintha mawu a kwaiye oscillations;
• mlongoti dongosolo;
• mphamvu kupatsira ndi zipangizo kulandira;
• miyeso ndi kulemera kwa dongosolo.

Mzere wa ntchito

Rada - ndi chida mosalekeza kuti wakhala ankagwiritsa ntchito asilikali dera, sayansi ndi chuma. ntchito ndi likunena kuwonjezera chifukwa cha chitukuko ndi kusintha kwa zipangizo ndi kayesedwe umisiri luso.

Kugwiritsa ntchito makina ounikira mu gawo la asilikali kuthetsa vuto zofunika za review ndi kuwunika malo, kudziwika mpweya, nthaka ndi madzi mipherezero yam'manja. Popanda makina ounikira ndi kosatheka kuyerekezera zipangizo akutumikira kuuza navigation machitidwe ndi machitidwe chowomberedwa ndi mfuti kulamulira.

Asilikali Rada m'munsi ndi gawo la chenjezo njira ya kuponya mabomba ndi Integrated chida chitetezo.

radioastronomy

Wotumidwa ndi mphepo kuchokera pamwamba nthaka ndi zikugwirizananso ndi zinthu mu malo pafupi ndi wakunja, komanso Padziko Lapansi ikutha. Ambiri danga zinthu zinali zosatheka kuti athe kufufuza okha ndi ntchito kuwala zida, ndi kokha ntchito makina ounikira njira mu zakuthambo Wodzipereka zambirimbiri za awo chikhalidwe ndi dongosolo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa makina ounikira chabe kwa kufufuza mwezi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zakuthambo American ndi Chihangare mu 1946. Pa nthawi yomweyo, izo mosintha anatengedwa ndi chizindikiro wailesi mlengalenga.

telesikopu Modern kulandira mlongoti ali mawonekedwe a mphika waukulu concave ozungulira (ngati galasi la imaonetsa kuwala). Ikuluikulu awiri, ndi ofooka mbendera mlongoti akhoza kutenga. wailesi telesikopu ntchito ovuta, kaphatikizidwe osati zipangizo ili pafupi wina ndi mnzake, koma ali osiyana m'maiko. Mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri ya zakuthambo amakono - kuphunzira pulsars ndi nyenyezi ndi mtima yogwira, kuphunzira kwa sing'anga interstellar.

ofunsira yapachiweniweni

Mu ulimi ndi mitengo Rada zipangizo n'zofunika kwambiri kupeza mfundo zokhudza yogawa ndi osalimba a magulu zomera, kuphunzira dongosolo, magawo ndi mitundu ya nthaka, yake kudziwika moto. Mu malo ndi nthaka Rada ntchito ntchito topographic ndi geomorphological, kudziwa kapangidwe ndi zikuchokera miyala, kupeza madipoziti mchere. The hydrology ndi oceanography Rada njira ilipo kuunikira waukulu waterway wa dziko, matalala ndi motowu, sanjira gombe.

Rada - ndi wothandizira singasiyanitsidwe ndi meteorologists. Rada mosavuta kupeza mkhalidwe wa mlengalenga pa mtunda wa makumi makilomita, ndi pa kusanthula deta, ndi kusintha Mapa mu nyengo m'madera ena.

ziyembekezo chitukuko

Masiku Rada muyezo waukulu kuwunika ndi chiŵerengero cha dzuwa ndi khalidwe. Mwachangu amatanthauza zowombetsa mkota mwatsatanetsatane ndi luso makhalidwe a zida. Kujambula Rada wangwiro - ndi zomangamanga zovuta ndi vuto sayansi-luso, kukhazikitsa amene zimatheka ndi ntchito zomwe atsopano Electromechanics ndi zamagetsi, informatics ndi kompyuta mphamvu.

Akatswiri akuganiza kuti posachedwapa, waukulu mayunitsi zinchito za malo a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana cha kapangidwe ndi cholinga olimba boma yogwira phased lomenyera (phased magulu), amene atembenuke chizindikiro analogi kuti yadigito. Kukula kwa kompyuta dongosolo chifuniro kwathunthu automate kasamalidwe ndi zofunika ntchito za makina ounikira, kupereka mapeto kasitomala mwatsatanetsatane kusanthula mfundo ankalandira.