Ravensbrück: yozunzirako wamkazi

Ravensbrück (a yozunzirako) linaikidwa kwa akazi. Mu lonse amaona yaikulu yozunzirako Anazi akaidi wamkazi. Pakuti nthawi zonse linakhalapo munali za 130,000 akaidi. nambala iyi si komaliza, monga ambiri sanali mayina monga gawo la zolembedwa za anawonongedwa ndi mamembala a SS.

Komanso, n'zosatheka awerenge chiwerengero cha akufa ku Ravensbrück. Otchedwa kanjedza zoopsa: anthu 50 92 chikwi.

msasa malo

Ili Ravensbrück (a yozunzirako) kumpoto kwa Germany, makilomita 90 kuchokera Berlin. dzina lake chikugwirizana ndi mudzi, umene unali pafupi. The pomasulira dzina German - "Magpie Bridge". Lero, malowa ndi a mzinda wa Fürstenberg.

chilengedwe

Ravensbrück anayamba linakhalapo ndi chisankho Genriha Gimmlera mu 1938. yomanga ake ankagwira ntchito ikuchitika akaidi ku ndende zina. Ndi 1939, izo analandira akaidi chake choyamba. Iwo anali akazi 867 amene anapitiriza kukula.

Popeza 1940, msasa anayamba kuoneka kampani:

• nsalu ndi makampani chikopa;
• electrotechnical nkhawa "Siemens";
• nkhondo ndi mafakitale.

Ravensbrück anali ambiri subcamp, yomwe inali m'madera osiyana.

akaidi

Poyamba, msasa munali anthu a Germany, amene makhalidwe ndi njira ya moyo "manyazi mtundu." Mmodzi mwa akaidiwo anali yogwira omenyana kukana, oimira Mboni za Yehova ndi akazi amene kuchita zachiwerewere.

Pa nthawi ya Ravensbrück (a yozunzirako, chithunzi cha amene anapereka m'nkhaniyo wathu) waona oimira mayiko ambiri (kuposa 40). Ena mwa iwo anali Germany, ndi Pole, ya chi, French, Ayuda, Belgium, Romanians ndi ena. Kuphatikizapo mmodzi wa omangidwa kundende amuna ndi akaidi Soviet nkhondo.

Malinga ndi mndandanda kulembetsa kwa msasa, panali akazi oposa 132 thousand (kuphatikizapo ana), amuna 20 chikwi.

A mndandanda wa akaidi ena akazi:

• Dina Babbitt - Czech zojambula ndi zosemasema.
• Maya Berezovskaya - Polish wojambula.
• Pol Bernar - French Red Cross namwino.
• Galina Birenbaum - Myuda ku Poland, wolemba, ndakatulo.
• Zheneveva De Gaulle-Antonioz - French, ndi mneneri wa gululi kukana, ndi mwana wa a Purezidenti wa Republic Chachisanu mu France.
• Zhyulett Greko - French woimba ndi zisudzo.
• Maria Filomena Dolanskaya - Czech mkazi, mphunzitsi ndi sisitere.
• Milena Jesenská - Mtolankhani Czechoslovak.
• Philippines Rothschild Sereys - Baroness, mwini munda wotchuka Château Mouton Rothschild.
• Vanda Yakubovskaya - wotsogolera filimu Polish.

Awa ndi mayina ochepa chabe za makumi a zikwi, kuphunzira kuti mkazi yozunzirako Ravensbrück.

msasa ndandanda

Pomwepo pa kufika pa msasa akazi onse anali njira yomweyo, mosaganizira za nthawi ya chaka. Iwo anavula maliseche mu msewu, kudula tsitsi lawo, kutola zinthu zathu ndi zikalata. Choncho iwo anayembekezera awo mu kusamba, kenako analandira zovala, zipinda, Winkel ndi kugawidwa mu m'chipindacho.

akazi onse anapatsidwa milozo kavalidwe ndi slippers matabwa. Zovala izi, iwo anapita nyengo iliyonse. Ravensbrück, nkhani za zomwe zilipo Maulendo zosiyanasiyana, makamaka molapitsa. akaidi ambiri aakazi anakakamizika kuyenda opanda nsapato nthawi zonse chifukwa kupereka m'makona frostbite.

msasa wonse ntchito dongosolo manambala ndi Winkel. Akaidi analibe maina, zinakhala pansi manambala amene sewn kuti kavalidwe. Pamwamba m'ndondomekozi chizindikiritso anaika triangular mbale, imene inkatchedwa Winkel. Malinga ndi mtundu Mzimuyo gulu:

• Red - ndi kukana womenya, mkaidi ndale;
• chikasu - Myuda;
• Green - lobadwa pa mlandu;
• Pepo - Yehova umboni (Protestant);
• Black - Roma mkazi sakonda khalidwe.

Pakati pa Winkel anaika kalata, amene anasonyeza dziko.

Lililonse akazi tsiku kudzuka anayi m'mawa, izo wayamba kuika chikho theka la khofi wogwirizira ndipo anafola pa msewu kwa kuitana mayina womwe unatenga maola 2-3. Kenako anapita pa ntchito kwa maola 12-14.

Ntchito masana anali kupeza nthawi yopuma theka la ora, ndipo nkhomaliro mu mawonekedwe a lita theka la madzi ndi achinangwa mbatata kapena rutabaga. Kwa amene ankagwira ntchito usiku, yopuma sanali anapereka.

Madzulo cheke inali yofanana ndi m'mawa. Pambuyo akaidi kupereka magalamu 200 ufa mkate, utuchi ndi ofanana khofi wogwirizira.

Akaidi analola kutumiza imelo, koma palibe kuposa kamodzi pamwezi ndipo pansi kufufuza kwambiri. Lokhoza zikusiyana kalata kapena kalata sadatume kuchotsedwa.

Njira yopha

Anamwalira mu Ravensbrück anali, malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, anthu 50 92 chikwi. Zimayambitsa chachikulu cha imfa amakhala kutupikana, ntchito ya kalavula gaga, kuchepa ukhondo nkhanza aakulu.

Kamodzi pa masabata awiri ndodo ya msasa anasankhidwa akaidi amene anali kuwonongedwa. Choyamba, zinali amene sanathe ntchito. Iwo anapha m'mutu. Amamwalira tsiku kwa anthu 50.

Pakuti zoopsa akaidi anatumizidwa ku Auschwitz ndi zina m'misasa ofanana. Kenako mu 1943, akazi anayamba massively anaphedwa pa dera la m'ndendeyo. Chifukwa chaichi, woopsa jekeseni ndi nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo.

Mu 1944, Ravensbrück (a yozunzirako) anapita Himmler, amene analamula kuti amuchotsepo akaidi onse akale ndi odwala. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, tiyenera aitanidwa "Akatswiri chiwonongeko" wa Auschwitz, Birkenau.

Akazi aja anawayesa chifukwa parades wapadera ndi amene adapatsidwa khadi pinki ndi makalata Latin "vv" ( "msasa imfa, kuwononga") anatitumiza ku Uckermark. Pali iwo anayembekezera imfa yake, ngakhale zikalata zofunikira anali kuwapititsa ku likulu Ubwino ili Silesia. Poyamba, eni ake a khadi pinki anaphedwa ndi chipolopolo mutu, koma ndondomeko ndi wodekha kwambiri, choncho anaganiza pomanga zipinda za mpweya. Iwo anafa kwa mphindi 2-3 akazi 150 basi.

Zimene zachipatala

Kuiperekeza pamene zatsopano woyamba pa akaidi kutsasa 01.08.1942. Iwo imatsimikizirika kuti pa nthawi yonse ya Ravensbrück zachipatala kuyesera pansi 86 akazi akaidi.

Cholinga cha kuyesera woyamba anali kudziwa efficacy wa mankhwala atsopano zochizira lacerations kwambiri, kuphatikizapo gunshot. Akazi mwakhala mukuchita pa kumtunda kwa ntchafu kwambiri kuti fupa, kudula ndi jekeseni kuti Staphylococci pamodzi ndi mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya. Izi chikwiyire maonekedwe mofulumira chilonda ndi kafumbata.

Kuti chilonda anali ofanana ndi chipolopolo, nthawi zambiri anawonjezera particles cha galasi, matabwa ndi zitsulo. zochitika zonse kucitika, komanso tanthauzo analemba mosamala. Kwakhala kusintha pang'ono mu thupi la akaidi - kuchokera yatsoka kutentha kwa imfa. Zotsatira za maphunziro awa anali kuperekedwa mu lipoti pa sukulu ya usilikali mu 1943. Ravensbrück kundende ina ndi kuzunza kumene kunachitika osati mkaidi onse, anali wotchuka zokha.

Cholinga cha kuyesera wachiwiri anali kudziwa kuti n'zotheka kupatsidwa zina minofu fupa. Kuti tichite zimenezi, akazi wathanzi ndi miyendo wosweka ndi ntchito pulasitala. Kuona ndondomeko kuyesera, mbira unadulidwa minofu moyo kuvumbula fupa. Ena akazi kudulapo nthambi wathanzi kapena phewa ndi kutengedwera kwa madokotala a ku kampu ina, kumene adasoka ziwalo zimenezi kwa ena.

Izi ndi mbali yokhayo ya zatsopano. The zatsopano wankhanza anali kupha jakisoni kwa ana athanzi mimba mu trimester lotsiriza la yoopsa moto yomweyo.

msasa Security

The commandant a msasa panthawi zosiyanasiyana anali Tamashke Günther, Maks Kegel, Fritz SUHNER. ndodo sanali amuna okha, komanso akazi oposa 150. Pophunzitsidwa iwo unatenga za 4 zikwi matrons. Iwo amakhala kwambiri wankhanza ndi Ambiri Amakonda zankhanza.

"Imfa March"

Pa mthunzi wa asilikali German ndi gulu la msasa. akaidi 27/04/1945 anathamangitsidwa kumadzulo. chiwerengero chawo anafikira anthu oposa 20 miliyoni, pafupifupi 3 miliyoni linasiyidwa kundende.

Patapita masiku awiri, asilikali a Nazi kumanzere akaidi anatsekeredwa mu nyumba Malchow, ndipo mmawa wotsatira iwo anamasulidwa, Red Army.

Kumasulidwa kwa akaidi

Tsiku la kumasuka amati 30.4.1945, pamene magulu ankhondo 2 Byelorussian Front anapulumutsidwa mkaidi. Patapita masiku angapo Ravensbrück (yozunzirako) pokumbukira zomwe sadzakhala kutha zaka mazana, anadzazidwa ndi madokotala, amene analenga kuchipatala zosakhalitsa.

Mpaka 1993 m'dera la asilikali Soviet ntchito ngati mayikidwe a ziwalo.

Mavuto a zigawenga nkhondo

Woyamba mayesero a ogwira msasa zinachitika mu zaka 1946-1948. Izi zinachititsa 16 imfa ziganizo.

Ogwira ntchito ena SS anathawira ku United States, koma ngakhale patapita zaka zambiri anali masamu ndi kutumizidwa ku mavuto ku Germany. Anthu amene ankasakidwa Anazi chifukwa cha milandu awo monga gawo la SS, anadziwika monga "mlenje Nazi".

Kukumbukira zakale akaidi a msasa

Mu 1959, boma la GDR anapereka kuti gawo limene Ravensbrück (a yozunzirako) inali, analenga National Chikumbutso "Ravensbrück". Zotsatirazi yasiyidwa ngati zinthu choyambirira:

• commandant;
• nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo;
• kumanga ndi makamera;
• mobisa yopita ku nyanja;
• Chidutswa mpanda wa msasa.

Amafotokozera chapakati pa nyanja anali Pamwalawo "Okupatsirani", kulengedwa ndi Villa Lammert. Choncho Ravensbrück (a yozunzirako), kumene chipilala ndi anamangidwira mu Germany, anthu ambiri wakhala chizindikiro cha milandu onse wokhala ndi umunthu.

Mu 1996 iye anamasulidwa ndi zopelekedwa film, amene anafunsidwa akaidi asanu kale akazi ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana - Austria, Italy, ndi Netherlands, Russia. Director ndi screenwriter Dutch zitsulo Annette Van Barneveld ndi Annemarie Streybos. Iwo amatchedwa kupenta "kale."

Mu 2005 anapita kulengedwa kwa mkulu wa Republic Federal la Germany Lorett Valts, amene anasonkhana kuyankhulana ndi kale anali akaidi zaka 25. Filimuyi imakhala nkhani za akaidi oposa 200 wamkazi ndipo amatchedwa "Women Ravensbrueck."

Ravensbrück (The nkhondo yachiwiri World 1939-1945) inatenga zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, kupha makumi a zikwi za akazi ndi ana amene sanafune nkhondo imeneyi.