Thonje kugalukira. Zoyambitsa, Inde, zotsatira

M'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri mu zoweta sayansi mbiri wotchedwa "buntashnogo", ndipo pa chifukwa chomveka: splashes wachikuda zochitika wamagazi onse m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, ndipo anatsegula nthawi ino yovuta kwa dziko kupanduka Thonje.

Mwachidule maziko a kugalukira ndi

Lina XVI-XVII zaka anakhala mphamvu mayeso kwa Russia, boma nthawi zina anali pafupi kutaya ulamuliro. Kugunda wa zofuna za magulu kakhalidwe ka maudindo osiyana pa anthu, anafika chiwonongeko aliuma wina ndi mzake. Pazifukwa umoyo ndi zachuma, monga mofulumira kusakhutira baseman ziyenera kuti iwonso mavuto azandale Russia. Posachedwapa anamwalira wankhanza ndi ankhanza autocrat Ivan Grozny, mfundo oprichnina kuti zimayambitsa kuzimiririka kudandaula ndi strata onse a anthu. Imfa ya mfumu, pa dzanja limodzi, chifukwa mitima mpumulo, ndi wina - analumphira dziko mu zaka za m'nthawi ya mavuto. Popeza kuti ana a Ivan IV sanali amasiyana thanzi (ngati anali Fyodor Ivanovich, amene anamwalira patapita nthawi yochepa bambo ake). Otsiriza otsala Scion ya mtundu kamodzi amphamvu Rurik anali mwana, choncho sangakhale kulamulira Komanso anaphedwa m'mikhalidwe mwachinsinsi. Apa mu zoonekera ndale amapita wolemekezeka boyar banja Godunov, amene anakhala pa mpando wachifumu, kukangana machitidwe ake zimakhalira pachibale ndi mfumu yotsiriza.

Zimayambitsa anapanduka

Komabe, mfumu yatsopano amasowa unlucky. Kumene zinthu zambiri zimene zinachitika mu zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wa Boris, anali chifukwa cha ulamuliro m'mbuyomu. Pang'onopang'ono munthu wofunika wina ndi anachititsa kukwera kosayerekezeka mkwiyo otchuka. Mmodzi wa mawonetseredwe chake chinali chiwembu thonje. Zimayambitsa chochitika kugona malamulo a chinyengo ndi ukapolo zina osauka a. Ambiri a iwo akapulumuka kwa zigawo za nzika, chotero kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa Zionetsero za anthu anakhamukira kwa kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa dziko. Munthu woyamba mbendera boma latsopanolo mukhoza kutengedwa ngati 1602, pamene akuba zikuluzikulu kunawatayitsa wa kulamulira m'madera ena. Ine ndinali kutumiza gulu lankhondo kwa yimitsira awo. Mu 1602-1603 gg. chifukwa cha frosts oyambirira omwe anachokera njala, umphawi ndi wafunsira banditry ponseponse. M'chaka mochedwa 1603 adaunyema mmodzi wa zachiwawa waukulu wachitatu loyamba la m'zaka XVII, analandira m'mbiri ya dzina la thonje kugalukira.

Mayendedwe a kugalukira ndi

Litaferatu ndi msewu zofunika polumikiza m'chigawo chapakati ndi kumadzulo kwa dziko - Smolensk msewu. Pano zinthu asilikali molamulidwa ndi wothawa serfs Thonje Kosolap. Akuluakulu poyamba sanali ngofunika kwambiri, ndinazindikira kulakwa kwawo. Against opandukawo anali kugwiritsa ntchito lankhondo yaitali, mkulu wa Boris Godunov kudzakhalire "kumasulidwa ku kumvera kuuza anthu wamba" anatumizidwa ku Moscow Regiment wa musketeers pansi pa utsogoleri okolnichy NGATI Basmanova. Kugalukira kutsogoleredwa ndi Thonje chimakwirira m'madera onse atsopano, titha kuti iwo sanatenge patsogolo zofuna andale ndi azachuma, koma mwadala ndi ankhanza kwambiri nawo kuba wamba ndi kuba. Bwanamkubwa achifumu a maluso a nkhondowo akapolo wothawa mtsogoleri wawo ndi kunyoza, imene analipira posachedwapa. nkhondo kunachitika, umene unali wautali ndi woopsa, Basmanov anali wovulala.

zotsatira za kupanduka

Pambuyo pa imfa ya mkulu wa asilikali achifumu atasemphana sanaime, ndi kukayamba mwakhama. Njira ya nkhondo kangapo amakakamizidwa abwerere oponya mivi. Komabe, nkhondowo maphunziro ndi zipangizo anali ndi udindo, ndi kutha kwa tsiku opandukawo sanathe kuletsa mavuto asilikali a boma ndi kuyamba abwerere, koma sankadziwa machenjerero asilikali, iwo anatsegula kumbuyo kwawo, ndipo izi anapindula owatsutsa. Anayamba okwana kupulula opandukawo; ngakhale akapolo, amene sanavutevute, ndipo anatengedwa mkaidi, posakhalitsa anaphedwa popanda kuzengedwa mlandu. Yekha mtsogoleri wa kupanduka, anali kwambiri anavulazidwa ndi kutengedwera kwa asilikali a mfumu analandidwa. Chilango linasindikizidwa. Mu Moscow, Thonje anaphedwa.

Wotsogolera wa Civil nkhondo?

Thonje chiwembu mu 1603 anasonyeza zotsutsana chinayambira ku dziko Russian. Ngakhale mu gawo yopambana sinali unanimity za tsogolo la dziko. Ambiri wolemekezeka tithe ndi ntchito boma zochititsa osagwirizana mfumu yatsopano, kuganizira iye ufumuyo komanso wakupha Dmitriya Uglichskogo. Kusiyana kumeneku sakanakhoza bwanji waudindo wapamwamba kwambiri, chifukwa ochititsa maganizo onse panthawi imeneyo anali boyars ndi olemekezeka, ndi kupanda umodzi pakati pawo ndipo kuti umabweretsa moyo zosiyanasiyana zosokoneza chikhalidwe. Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira Nthawi ya Mavuto woyamba nkhondo yapachiweniweni, kutchula mfundo imeneyi zinthu zimenezi kumlingo nawo onse strata a mtundu ndiye Russian. mtundu wa upainiya bizinesi anali zipolowe thonje, amene anenedwa mndandanda wa zochita wamagazi.