Research: kupanga chitsanzo kwa ophunzira

Cholinga cha kafukufuku bwino cholinga - kusonyeza luso la ana kutukuka paokha njira zamakono. Komanso, ndicho kupenda zotsatira ndi kuyerekeza ndi deta buku. Ophunzira ayenera kusonyeza luso agamulepo sayansi.

Today tiyeni tikambirane za momwe kutsogolera kafukufuku, ndi pa mfundo za kamangidwe kake. Lamulo lalikulu pano - molondola, mphamvu, lalifupi ndi zonse zoletsedwa ndi zili pazipita. Pali ngakhale zitsanzo za kafukufuku pulani sukulu ya mkaka! Koma tikambirana lero ntchito za ophunzira.

Kodi kulemba kumayambiriro

Cholinga cha chigawo chino - mwachidule kufotokoza vuto uliri pakali pano, kulungamitsa chilango cha mtengo panopa ku mawonedwe a sayansi (ndi mchitidwe). Komanso, zopanga zolinga polojekitiyo ndi zofunika kuchita ntchito kuzindikira phunziro la ndi chabe ndi kuika patsogolo pa kungoganizira zofunika. Ngakhale chitsanzo cha kamangidwe kafukufuku kusukulu ya pulayimale lili zofunika yemweyo (mwina mawonekedwe wosalira).

Mu kulungamitsa kufunika kwa mutu osankhidwa, kupewa verbosity. Chinthu chachikulu - kusonyeza kufunika ndi Timeliness, komanso akamanena za vuto anakumana.

Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za malamulo a kalembera wa sayansi ndi kufufuza ntchito za wophunzira kapena wophunzira akufuna kubweretsa mawu pansipa zolinga zazikulu ndi kulongosola bwino ntchito yapadera kuti atha ntchito. Monga ulamuliro, uthenga umaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a mndandanda - lomwe mbali ayenera kudziwa, kufufuza, kubwezeretsa, fotokozani, ndi zina zotero. Pamene ntchito cholinga umodzi akhale angapo. The mulingo woyenera chiwerengero cha iwo - kuchokera atatu kapena asanu.

Statement ya cholinga zisonyeze tanthauzo ambiri ndi malangizo a kafukufuku. Liyenera kugwirizana ndi chilango chomwecho. Cholinga cha organically womangidwa kwa nkhaniyi ndipo ayenera kwathunthu consonant ndi izo.

Ndipo ndendende ndi vuto?

ntchito anasankha ife yeretsani zolinga zathu komanso kukonza njira kukwaniritsa izo. Mawu a aliyense wa iwo limafanana ndi gawo lotsatira la zili ndi zambiri akutumikira monga chamutu mutu yeniyeni.

oyamba nthawi zonse anakonza chinthu kuphunzira, ndi nkhani yake nkhani. Pansi woyamba amatanthauza chodabwitsa (kapena njira) porodishie imeneyi mabvuto kuti ankaphunzira. Chinthu kuphunzira - gawo chabe wa chinthu. Iwo anatsimikiza mutu umene watengedwa monga dzina pa tsamba mutu.

Ngati pali chitsanzo cha kamangidwe kafukufuku ndi mawu mutuwo mu kalembedwe wophiphiritsa, muyenera kutsanzira mutu mu mawu zambiri sayansi.

Kungoganizira - mbali yofunika kwambiri kuphunzira. Ndi chiyani icho? Mawu amenewa amanena za anzeru mfundo za sayansi maganizo kopanda za mafotokozedwe (makonzedwe ndithu) zochitika zina, zimayambitsa awo kapena kugwirizana achilengedwe. Area malingaliro - chilengedwe, cikhalidwe kapena maganizo a anthu.

Chigawo wodzipereka kwa review mabuku

Mmenemo wolemba chofunika kuonetsa chuma zambiri zokhudza ntchito zazikulu zimene zilipo pa nkhani nkhani akuphunziridwa. luso china chofunika kwambiri adza kwa luso ntchito yopindulitsa ndi zipangizo buku, buku, kusanthula ndi kufanana kwa mfundo alipo mwa iwo. Mwachitsanzo aliyense wa kafukufuku kapangidwe limalimbikitsa kuonetsa wolemba oyamba okha dera anatchulidwa mu nkhani ya osachepera ambiri amanena, kulola kukonza mavuto aakulu sayansi.

malemba a chigawo ichi limodzi ndi kutchula kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchitoyo. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi matebulo alipo ndi zithunzi. Tionenso mabuku, tiyenera okha ikukhudzana bwanji ndi phunziro lathu osankhidwa. Sikuti ndi zilembo zonse za kuwerenga, ambiri mwa pokhapokha kungotchula anakhudzidwa ndi vutoli.

Zitsanzo za kamangidwe kafukufuku ntchito ya ophunzira kuwonetsa kuti ndime iyi tikulimbikitsidwa kuti kumaliza mfundo mwachidule za tsogolo la nkhani zophunzira.

Ngati ntchito yathu cholandiridwa mwa zachilengedwe munda sayansi ndi chikukhudza zipangizo zopezera munda m'mikhalidwe zachilengedwe, m'pofunika kupereka zigawo zotsatirazi.

Methodology and kufufuza nkhaniyo

Chitsanzo cha ntchito kafukufuku mu gawo ili muli mawu onena za malo deta anali anasonkhana, kutolera zipangizo, zokhudza tsiku, amene anatsatira, zinthu zake zalembedwa. Pankhani ntchito komanso onetsetsani kuti musankhe malo ake.

Mu njira ya kafukufuku amanena kuti njira zimenezi ndi luso, zimene wolemba amagwiritsa ntchito zake. Akudalira pa ntchito ndi kumachita monga zida kupeza mfundo zenizeni. Mwa njira zimenezi akhoza kuwasiyanitsa zokhudzana okwana (a anaziika Yerekezerani muyeso, kayeseleledwe, kaphatikizidwe, kusanthula zatsopano, kafukufuku, mayeso, kufunsira) ndi zina (payekha) ntchito kulandidwa okha osiyanasiyana yopapatiza ofunsira.

The njira zosiyana ndi luso? mfundo izi mudzakankha nalo Mwachitsanzo aliyense wa kafukufuku kamangidwe. Yotsirizira zikukhudza matenda ndi deta njira processing, komanso zikusonyeza zotsatira. Ngati njira - sali woyambitsa (Imafotokoza mu mabuku), mfundo zambiri za mfundo si chofunika. Yokwanira asagwiritse ponena za gwero zogwirizana. Pankhani ya kusintha kwa izo, iwo ayenera anafotokoza ndi kulungamitsidwa zimenezi. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi njira lonse pachiyambi.

Kodi china chimene muyenera kupereka

Chitsanzo cha ntchito kafukufuku wa ophunzira likunenera, mwa zina, ku chigawo ichi ntchito kulanda zida ndi zipangizo malangizo zolakwa chovomerezeka kwa muyeso wa magawo onse.

Gawo kufotokoza malo kuphunzira, wopangidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mabuku. Mtengo wake opondapo pa chitukuko cha sayansi chikhalidwe zachilengedwe, geo- ndi kwachilengedwenso ndi zina zotero. Chigawo chimenechi ndi yaikulu kwambiri ndi ntchito imeneyi.

Pa zotsatira za kafukufuku

The "zotsatira" zambiri zofunika. Pano mukhoza kupeza zitsanzo za kamangidwe ka kafukufuku othandiza. Kawirikawiri lagawidwa magawo angapo mogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha ntchito yeniyeni. wokhutira ndi ulaliki mwatsatanetsatane za zotsatira amadziŵika ndi fanizo awo (ngati ndikofunikira) zojambula, matebulo, chintchito, zithunzi ndi zithunzi. Kuyerekezera ndi deta analandira kuchokera magwero gulu lina.

Maumboni matebulo kapena kanjedza mu malemba a chigawo ichi ndi kuvomerezedwa. Malinga ndi malamulo a kamangidwe, tikambirana pansipa, aliyense boma gawo mwachidule mwachidule mfundo zofunika (zambiri popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "achire").

Pankhani ya buku lalikulu la chuma kusanthula poyerekeza deta anavumbula kugawa osiyana akhoza kuyamba. Apa, wolemba adzakhala moonetsera angathe kusonyeza, kuti mfundo zofunikira ndi kufanizira mfundo kapena deta. Iwo uli pano anapatsidwa chilolezo nzeru ochiritsira kapena anakambirana chokana.

Popeza kuti okhwima zotsatira ayenera kukhala pansi pa kusanthula zowerengera. Izi zachitika ntchito kudziwika mapulogalamu monga kupambana kapena pogwiritsa ntchito ma aligorivimu wapadera olembedwa mwachindunji phunziro ili (lomwe akhale amodzi mwa ntchito zake).

anapezazo

Cholinga cha chigawo chino - mwachidule zopanga zotsatira pa nkhani ya wachina chilichonse, amavomereza othandiza ndipo fotokozani ziyembekezo kafukufuku m'tsogolo. Popeza zotsatira konkire mfundo m'malo mwa kwambiri kapena zochepa m'ndende kwa nthawi yaitali. Ali ngati kutha ndi ndiye atamukoka zotsatira analandira ndi kulumikiza iwo kuti ntchito ndipo ambiri ntchito cholinga.

Zimene kwenikweni zisonyeze ngati wolemba lakwaniritsa cholinga ichi, ndi pati. lamulo ili nthawi zonse chitsanzo cha kulembetsa olondola a kafukufuku.

"Literature" ndi "Mapulogalamu"

Ndime izi amadzipereka kutchulidwa mndandanda Potengela Zilembo wathunthu wa ntchito ntchito. Ngati kumene gawo la iwo lofalitsidwa mu zilankhulo, iwo nawonso ali mu mdandanda wa afabeti, pambuyo mndandanda wa magwero Chirasha. Owerengeka motero ali ndi mtanda kudula chikhalidwe.

The "Mapulogalamu" kutenga Zipangizo zambiri zina ndi wothandiza pofuna kupewa cluttering lemba chachikulu. amanena kungakhale yosiyana. Tikuyankhula zokhudza yoyambirira yeniyeni ya zikalata zina ndi kuphunzira ndondomeko, ndi deta yeniyeni.

zipangizo mawonekedwe akhoza kukhala zithunzi, malemba, mapu, tchati, fanizo, chithunzi ndi zina zotero. D. uliwonse wa ntchito kulibe ngati chinsalu osiyana mu ngodya (chapamwamba kumanja) powerenga liwu "ntchito" ndi mutu wa nkhani zenizeni. Ngati pali zingapo, manambala anachita nambala unsigned ntchito manambala Arabic. Lilinso ndi mtanda kudula mu chikhalidwe ndi mbali ya chiwerengero cha mapepala mawu onse a ntchito. ofunsira Gwirizanani ndi waukulu chikalata chifukwanso limasonyeza ( "cm. alumikiza 1").

Research: chitsanzo (dongosolo) kapangidwe

Zochita pa mapepala muyezo wa woyera kalembedwe pepala A4 mtundu. Location - choimirira. Lililonse la mapepala a limapangidwa munda (2 cm pamwamba ndi pansi 1 masentimita 3 cm kumanja ndi kumanzere). Iwo safuna kuti tifufuza.

Ndi akadakwanitsira kutsatira pepala okwana. Sitiyenera waukulu kwambiri. Koposa zonse, pamene nambala ya masamba - kuchokera 15 mpaka 20.

Kusindikizidwa malemba, monga ulamuliro, pa kompyuta ntchito mzere katayanitsidwe wina ndi chizindikiro theka. Kuziyika izo pa mbali imodzi ya pepala lililonse yekha limagwirizana ndi kulanda mau a m'lifupi malemba. Mu ntchito monga mfundo decimal.

zofunika nuance

achidule onse amayenera kugonjera decoding kuvomerezedwa. Ngati mabala zofunika, malongosoledwe a aliyense wa iwo anachita pa kutchula koyamba.

tsamba manambala ndi wachinai mu mzere. Intaneti affixed pa chapamwamba pakati dera pepalalo. Ngati tsamba loyamba la mutuluka chivundikiro pepala. Ngati pali maumboni zomera, nyama, tizilombo, pambuyo aliyense wa iwo wapatsidwa m'mabokosi chinenero Latin ndipo dzina lawo yeniyeni. Zimasonyezanso dzina la wolemba amene anafotokozedwa koyamba zodabwitsazi.

Ngati kafukufuku wochititsidwa m'munda wa zomera, ntchito m'pofunika kuti herbarium kake.

Kapangidwe ka ntchito

Pa tsiku loyamba (udindo) pepala ndi dzina lonse la (malamulo) cha m'banja kumene ntchito zinachitikadi. Komanso likulu makalata - mutu wa ntchito yokha, ndiye dzina koyamba, kalasi lake, kapena gulu, komanso deta za mutu ndi mlangizi (ngati). Ngati pali muyenera kutchula udindo ndi digiri ya lililonse. Zimenezi zikugwira ntchito makamaka kwa Chitsanzo cha ntchito kafukufuku wa ophunzira. Pansi pa mudzi amavalidwa akuti ndi chaka kuphedwa.

Pepala chachiwiri nthawi zonse odzipereka pa ntchito zili (TOC). Iwo kwenikweni zikuphatikizapo zikuchokera zonse za mitu ndi boma-maphunziro amene mosamalitsa ndondomeko lemba ayenera kutsata. Amapereka manambala tsamba, limene limayamba ndi aliyense wa chigawo.

mutu wina capitalized. Mfundo kumapeto si anaika. Categories liwerengedwa indexing system (1.1, 1.2, ...).

Ife titembenukira kwa lemba

Pepala lachitatu odzipereka utsogoleli. buku ake, monga Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za kafukufuku kamangidwe, ndi amangoona zosakwana kukula page.

Popeza pepala lachinayi, ife titembenukira kwa thupi chachikulu ndi zigawo tatchulazi. Nthawi zonse lathuli mu mawonekedwe a m'lemba mosalekeza ankasiyana intervals yochepa. Aliyense wa magawo kuti zigwire angapo awiri (3.1, 3.2, ndi zina zotero. D.), The maheda wa Ndime onse kunatanthauzanso kuperekedwa zolemba za.

Kumapeto kwa gawo lalikulu la iwo anamaliza (kapena mfundo zolembedwa). Chifukwa chaichi, munthu mapepala. Literature komanso kutchula pa tsamba latsopano.

Kodi buku mafanizo

magome onse ali mwa analipo dongosolo. malo awo pa pepala mwina yopingasa kapena choimirira. Bwino apatsidwe chizindikiro: "Table chiwerengero ...". Middle mzere amaperekedwa pansipa dzina lake.

Pankhani ya reprints njira iliyonse zolembalemba chofunika mwachindunji mu parentheses pambuyo dzina la kutchula izo. Ngati tebulo predstalyaet ndi kusinthana kwa zotsatira ndi deta mabuku, kukamba za mbali zogwirizana wa iwo. Ngati ndi kotheka, zolemba zonse anapereka pansipa tebulo.

Pamene kukula kwake waukulu kwambiri (si woyenera pa pepala limodzi), akhoza kusamutsa kwa lotsatira (mu parentheses - "anapitiriza" kapena "kutha"). kamodzi kokha tebulo chamutu.

zithunzi zonse kuti angathe kukhala mu mawonekedwe a zithunzi, zithunzi, matchati, chintchito kapena zojambula komanso ndi mosalekeza manambala, ndipo anasankha fanizo. Kuchita inki awo wakuda kapena phala. Nkoyenera amanena kuti wolemba anabweretsa zojambula pogwiritsa ntchito manambala kapena mafano. Chithunzi zotsatirazi kuika lakuti wake - "Rice (chiwerengero)." Ndipo dzina. Zotsatirazi zikhoza kukakamizidwa analamula mndandanda wa zizindikiro.

Monga momwe zilili ndi magome anayikidwa pa zojambula Buku Anabwereka magaziniwo. Ngati chithunzi chinaonekeranso ndi kusintha wachibale kwa pachiyambi, iwo ayenera anasonyeza pafupi ndi izo.

ntchito Research: Chitsanzo cha maumboni

Fomu malangizo kwa iwo zimadalira gwero. Monga omaliza nkhani kapena buku wolemba kapena zambiri, komanso mabuku, otanthauzira ndi mabuku sukulu.

Ngati buku kapena Nkhani ali olemba imodzi kapena ziwiri, buku anapanga, kusonyeza m'mabokosi maina awo popanda Maina, ankasiyana mipatuliro ndi chaka buku. Njira ina - kuti mwachindunji dzina la wolemba mu malemba a ntchito. Mu nkhani iyi, Maina zimayikidwa m'mabokosi chaka cha buku.

Ngati kulemba timu mumakhala anthu oposa awiri okha Atchule dzina la zakale ndi Kuwonjezera pa "neri Al." kapena "neri Al." Pa nthawi imene wolemba kwambiri (inakwaniritsidwa nazonse, otanthauzira, ndi zina zotero. P.), M'malo dzina liri dzina chaka cha buku lakuti.

Monga ulamuliro, maina yaitali mabuku amapatsidwa palibe kangapo. M'tsogolo, iwo imvera kuchepetsa. Pankhani ya lemba la zolemba ndafunsira, ankasiyana mipatuliro amasonyeza tsamba chiwerengero ndi mpukutu mawu.

Kodi kupanga mndandanda wa malemba

Izi zichitike mogwirizana ndi malamulo bibliographic kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo wophunzira kafukufuku kapena wophunzira zikuphatikizapo ndendende amafuna chomwecho. Aliyense wa nkhani kapena mabuku olembedwa kuti afabeti, ndi mzere wofiira. Choyamba, monga tanenera kale, ife tikuchita Russian, m'munsimu - mu yachilendo.

Onetsetsani kuti mwachindunji mitundu yonse ya nkhani za olemba, maudindo, deta linanena bungwe ndi makhalidwe kachulukidwe. Pansi linanena bungwe deta amatanthauza mfundo za wofalitsa dzina, malo ake ndi kutuluka chaka. Mayina a mizinda nthawi yomweyo kwathunthu, kupatula Moscow ndi St. Petersburg, omwe kawirikawiri amadya kuchepetsa a.

Mu khalidwe kachulukidwe amatanthauza chiwerengero cha masamba. Ngati tikulankhula magazini kapena chopereka, ndiye masamba iwo mwachindunji zokhudzana bukulo. Pankhaniyi, zambiri alipo mu mawonekedwe a mukapeza munthu amasonyeza woyamba ndi wotsiriza wa iwo.

Ponena webusaiti, mndandanda wa magwero kuwonjezera kwa woyambitsa ndi mutu, kuika adiresi ya intaneti.