Retardation Mental - ndi ... madigiri ndi mawonekedwe a retardation maganizo. Ana ndi retardation maganizo

Kodi mukuganiza mukamva mawu monga "retardation maganizo"? Izi, ndithudi, limodzi osati kugwirizanitsa kwambiri zosangalatsa. Kudziŵa anthu ambiri a boma ali makamaka zochokera mapulogalamu a pa TV ndiponso mafilimu, omwe chifukwa cha zosangalatsa zambiri kupotoza nkhani yeniyeni. Kuwala retardation maganizo, mwachitsanzo, si mtundu wa pathologies imene munthu ayenera olekanitsidwa anthu. Choncho, nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi anthu oterewa, koma kusiyanitsa munthu wamba mu msewu pakati pa munthu wathanzi ndiponso maganizo kupepera zovuta.

Malonje

Monga madokotala kunena maganizo retardation - matenda, chinthu chachikulu chimene kaya anagula (mwana mpaka zaka 3) kapena kobadwa nako kuchepa kwa nzeru. Pankhaniyi, pali pafupifupi palibe mphamvu kuganiza popanda. Koma dera maganizo pa matenda sakuvutika: odwala amaganiza antipathy ndi chifundo, chimwemwe ndi chisoni, chisoni ndi chisangalalo. Komabe, anthu ndi retardation maganizo kuvutika maganizo osati monga m'zigawozigawo ndi zovuta ndi maganizo, monga anthu athanzi. Tiyenera kuona chakuti matenda sangathe patsogolo. Mental retardation - mlingo khola la pansi anayamba nzeru. Ngakhale milandu akhala anati ngakhale kuchuluka kwake pa nthawi chifukwa zotsatira za maphunziro, anthu, maphunziro.

Zimayambitsa retardation maganizo

nzeru za anthu limanenedwa ngati ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndi chibadwa. Ana amene makolo retardation maganizo matenda - ili ndi gulu la chiopsezo. M'posavuta kukhala matenda okhudza ubongo, ngakhale kufala chibadwa, chotero, si kawirikawiri kwambiri. Ngakhale zikamera wa chibadwa, ndi kupita patsogolo malowa, amachititsa 70-80% milandu ndipo sangathe adzakhazikika. Nthawi zambiri amasonyeza mu Zikavuta kwambiri. Koma timawapatsa kuyang'ana mu zinthu zambiri kuti tifulumizane boma.

zimayambitsa kuti akalandire chithandizo

Chifukwa chimene boma kaŵirikaŵiri amawonekera kuvutika chromosomal, majini, matenda a ubongo. Mental retardation ndi matenda obadwa nawo chifukwa chifukwa cha cytomegalovirus, chikuku kachilombo HIV. Makolo, ntchito mankhwala, mowa, zotsatira pa wosabadwa wa poizoni kutsogolera chakuti ana ndi retardation maganizo. Ndinakumana ndi poizoni methylmercury, kutsogolera mankhwala chemotherapeutic nthawi zina zimabweretsa mavuto amenewo.

intrapartum zimayambitsa

Zovuta kuti imakhudzana ndi chosakhwima, prematurity, ndipo magazi mu chapakati mantha dongosolo, kubadwa ndi forceps, breech ulaliki, mimba angapo, intrapartum asphyxia kumaonjezera ngozi ya retardation maganizo. Koma ndi zambiri zidzadalira kusamalira mwanayo miyezi ingapo pambuyo pa kubadwa kwake.

zimayambitsa postnatal

Kupanda maganizo, thupi thandizo, chidziwitso, chimene chili chofunika kuti chitukuko, kukula, anatengera chikhalidwe zakudya m'thupi mu zaka zoyambirira za moyo - zimakonda wa retardation maganizo padziko lonse. Disease kungakhale chifukwa bakiteriya, encephalitis tizilombo, kakhosi, kutupikana, poizoni, kuvulala mutu ndi zina zotero.

Mlingo wa retardation maganizo

matenda, monga wina aliyense, ali ndi muyezo osiyana imene lagawidwa mlingo, mitundu, etc. Gulu la matenda amayamba ndi mtundu uliwonse ndi zochita digiri. Kuonetsetsa digiri zotsatirazi retardation maganizo:

• kuwala pamene mlingo wa IQ zimasiyanasiyana mwa mfundo 50-69;
• pafupifupi pamene mitengo osiyanasiyana kuchokera 20 mfundo 49;
• lolemera, amene zosakwana 20 IQ mfundo.

Monga chithunzi ichi anatsimikiza? Wodwala wotwaliwa kwa chiyeso ntchito, zotsatira za zimene inu mukhoza kuweruza ngati mmene wamkulu kapena wamng'ono wa matenda. Ngakhale, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti gulu la izi ndi umasinthasintha ndithu. Gulu ayenera kuganizira osati mlingo wa kuchepetsa mphamvu nzeru, koma mlingo wa chisamaliro zofunika ndi munthu. Osati kuti Kuchotsera ndi mphamvu zochepa kulankhulana, kudzikonda chisamaliro, Kudzidalira, kugwiritsa ntchito pagulu, etc.

Kodi ziwerengero?

chidwi kwambiri n'chakuti oposa 3% ya anthu padziko lonse amakhala ndi zosakwana 70 IQ msinkhu, koma aakulu maganizo retardation anati mu% 1 yekha. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti pamene matenda ali n'komwe kwambiri zinthu zina. Kwambiri retardation maganizo anaona ana, kaya banja awo a kalasi zina anthu osauka, maphunziro a makolo ndi achibale. Ndipo apa pali mfundo ina chidwi. Choncho, oddly mokwanira, zolimbitsa retardation maganizo, imene mtima kumafuna ena anasintha thandizo, nthawi zambiri anamuona pa ana ku mabanja ndi udindo wochepa zachuma.

zizindikiro za matendawo

Monga tanena ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha matenda ndi kuchepetsa nzeru. Komabe, zizindikiro izo m'pofunika kuganizira, malingana ndi mlingo wa matenda. Tiyeni tione iwo.

1. Wofatsa (kapena debility). Pankhaniyi, maonekedwe a munthu wamba mwa msewu sadzakhoza kusiyanitsa munthu ndi retardation maganizo chitukuko ku wathanzi. Monga ulamuliro, anthu awa zovuta kuphunzira chifukwa cha luso lawo kuikira yafupika kwambiri. Koma kukumbukira iwo ndi zabwino kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri odwala matendawa amakhala ndi mavuto khalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, ana ndi retardation maganizo zimadalira aphunzitsi ndi makolo, iwo mwamphamvu mantha kusintha zinthu. odwala awa mwina mutembenuzire mu okha (choncho vuto kulankhulana), kapena M'malo mwake, akuyesera kuti akope tcheru kuti munthu wake ndi onse a ntchito kuwala zambiri chotheka, ngakhale sakonda. Iwo zosavuta chinachake kuuzira. Chifukwa odwala awa kukopa oimira dziko chigawenga, iwo nthawi zambiri kuvutika zoberana. Mbali khalidwe la retardation wofatsa odwala zimadziŵa matenda ake, koma m'zonse kubisa izo kwa ena.
2. Mlingo pafupifupi (imbecility). Anthu amenewa amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa chilango ndipo analemekeza achimwemwe, chifundo, ali mosavuta luso wophunzitsika wodzilamulira utumiki, nthawi zina kuwerenga, kulemba, masamu zofunika, koma kukhala paokha, iwo sangathe. Pambuyo pawo amafunika chisamaliro nthawi zonse ndi kuyang'aniridwa.
3. Chokhwima (idiocy). anthu oterewa mulibe mawu, iwo olumala la kayendedwe ndi zosamveka ndi unfocused. Maganizo okha mawonetseredwe pulayimale choipidwa kapena zosangalatsa. Odwala ndi chitsiru ankafunikira kuwayang'anira nthaŵi zonse, chifukwa kuti uli mu mabungwe ziwalo.

A pang'ono za zizindikiro

Mawonetseredwe woyamba wa matenda khalidwe mwana, Kuchedwa kukula m'nzeru, luso kuchepa wodzilamulira utumiki. Development ana retardation maganizo nthawi zina amapita monga chiyenera kukhala zaka sukulu. Zizindikiro ndi losadziwika ngati pamene pali matenda owopsa kwambiri. Koma madigiri ena awiri amapezeka, kawirikawiri m'banda, makamaka ngati pamodzi ndi olumala kakulidwe, kuvutika thupi. Pankhaniyi, matenda adzakhala losavuta matenda mwamsanga zaka sukulu.

Komabe, ana ena panjira onani pamaso pa khunyu la ubongo, matenda galimoto, imfa kumva, kulankhula anachedwa ndi matenda ena kakulidwe. M'kupita kwa nthawi, khalidwe la retardation maganizo "atachuluka" ndi zizindikiro latsopano. Ana sachedwa nkhawa, maganizo, makamaka ngati iwo anamukana kapena kutengedwa ngati zosalongosoka.

Ngati kindergartens ana ndi matenda anati kuchulukitsa kwa mavuto anatengera mu zosagwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa tsiku ndi ntchito pulayimale chintchito iwo, ophunzira ndi vuto lophunzira ayenera kuchenjeza makolo zedi mkulu mlingo wa m'chikaiko chowakaikitsa ndi inattention. zifukwa zina nkhawa amayi ndi abambo ayenera kukhala kutopa, makhalidwe ena oipa ndi mavoti otsika kwambiri ana awo.

retardation Mental

Apa ife tibwera kwa gulu lina. Mogwirizana ndi gulu lonse la matenda, izo anaganiza kuonetsetsa mitundu zotsatirazi retardation maganizo:

• retardation Mental wopepuka. Mu mawonekedwe njira zofunika ubongo yodziwika poise mwana. Kuvutika ntchito chidziwitso si limodzi ndi zolakwika makamaka akhakula. Sungani dera maganizo anu, mwana akhoza kuchita purposefully, koma ngati munthu aliyense bwino bwino kwambiri. Pamene zinthu kapena chilengedwe si zachilendo kwa iye, zonse zikhala wabwinobwino, palibe kuvutika simudzaliona.
• Mental retardation ndi chisokonezo neurodynamic. fomu iyi amakhala ndi kusakhazikika kwa chifuniro, dera maganizo a mtundu wa ulesi kapena irritability. Kuphwanya chibadidwe mwana, kuonekera mu kuchepetsa dzuwa, mu kusintha khalidwe.
• Mental retardation ndi kupatuka pa ntchito chowunikira. Oligophrenics mu mawonekedwe a matenda, akakufunsani chotupa wa kotekisi ali pamodzi ndi kuphwanya amphamvu a dongosolo makamaka ubongo. Ana Komanso amalembedwa m'dera zopindika wa kulankhula, masomphenya, kumva, locomotor dongosolo.
• Psihopatopodobne khalidwe retardation maganizo. Izi retardation maganizo, chitukuko chimene lags kumbuyo chifukwa cha zipolowe mu m'maganizo volitional dera. Choyamba, odwala ngati onani kuchepetsa criticality poyerekezera lokha underdevelopment mwa zigawo zambiri za umunthu, disinhibition wa achibadwidwe. The mwana ali ndi vuto azipereka wodzikweza chilakolako.
• Mental retardation ndi olemba bwino akusowa mazunzo. Mu mawonekedwe a ana maganizo retardation ali chabe, aulesi, njakata. malankhulidwe awo amakhala kuleza winded, ndi imitative mu chikhalidwe, koma alibiretu nazo. Ana sangathe maganizo yofinyira, mokwanira kuwunika zinthu.

Anayendera pa matenda nkhani

Monga tanena kale, nthawi zambiri, retardation maganizo akuwonetseredwa ali aang'ono. Ndipo ngati matenda amayamba ndi majini, monga matenda Down a, zopatuka akhoza matenda mwamsanga pa mimba. Chifukwa chaichi, zipatala umayi tsopano kupereka madona zonse ndisanabadwe pa magawo oyambirira mimba, kukhalapo kwa kudwala ili ndi mwayi kusankha mwanzeru - kuchotsa mimba kapena kusunga mwana. Komanso, njirayi ndi yofunika kwambiri pa nthawi imene makolo a mwanayo tsogolo kapena achibale pali matenda kapena zinthu zimene zimachititsa pakutchulidwa wa retardation maganizo.

Ena mawonekedwe retardation maganizo ndi chifukwa chakuti ndi zina pa makina enzyme mwana ndi underdeveloped. The matenda ambiri mu gulu - phenylketonuria. Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa ana ndi matenda izi si amasiyana wathanzi, koma m'miyezi choyamba cha moyo, iwo lethargic Iwo anati kawirikawiri kusanza, ali totupa, thukuta kuchuluka, ndipo ali ndi fungo achilendo. Mukayamba chithandizo yomweyo, pamene mwanayo ali pansi miyezi 2-3, mungathe kupulumutsa nzeru. Ndicho chifukwa konse kunyalanyaza kuona oyambirira a ana ndi dokotala wa ana.

Ngati dotolo pali kukayika kulikonse, izo adzamuika kukambirana za matenda okhudza ubongo, mkodzo ndi magazi, akugwirira. Pa kafukufuku wa ana okulirapo chofunika uphungu maganizo kapena maganizo.

Ngati chithandizocho anayamba m'nthawi yake, ndi zambiri zotheka kukwaniritsa mwana mosavuta azolowere moyo paokha. Koma pamene makolo ndi achibale ena a mwanayo wasankha mosavuta popanda madokotala ochita kudzikonda, mavuto amene angabwere ndi mosalephera. Komanso musaiwale kuti mu matchalitchi amene amati ndi retardation maganizo mudzabisika ndi matenda ena - khunyu, matenda angapo maganizo, hypothyroidism.

Ana ndi retardation maganizo - zoyenera kuchita?

Makolo Mulimonsemo, musati mantha. Kumbukirani kuti retardation maganizo - matenda osati maganizo, ndipo boma achilendo, pamene kukula m'nzeru okha chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana.

Maphunziro a ana ndi retardation maganizo angakhale nawo komanso chitukuko, koma pokhapokha ngati iwo saloledwa kuchita mphamvu imeneyi kwachilengedwenso. boma konse kwathunthu kuchiza. Kumene, dokotala mankhwala ndi mankhwala oyenerera, koma zotsatira zake sadzakhala chidwi. Ngakhale malingana mlingo wa retardation maganizo n'zotheka iyende ena mwa maphunziro ndi maphunziro. Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti ana ndi idiocy ndi imbecility - izo wolemala kuyambira ali mwana, iwo ngakhale kupeza ndalama za penshoni,. Makamaka ana ndi retardation maganizo mitundu ndiwo kuti amafunikira mtetezi wachikondi, kapena thandizo la akatswiri ochokera malo oyenerera mankhwala, kumene iwo akhoza kudziwa. Pali nawo kuchititsa achire, ndende, ntchito maganizo. Ana ndi retardation wofatsa maganizo si zovuta. Ngakhale ngakhale kuti sangathe kuphunzira mu pulogalamu ochiritsira ayenera anawamasulira kuti sukulu yapadera. Komabe, mu maphunziro a ana awa, pali mavuto ambiri, kuyambira kudzudzulidwa chokwanira kudziwa tsogolo la ntchito ndi anatengera chikhalidwe. Ngati iwo ali njira yoyenera, monga anthu akuluakulu, kungoti "kusungunuka" mu moyo - ntchito, kubereka kwa banja, amasangalala anthu.

mankhwalawa retardation maganizo

Today pali kuchuluka yaikulu ndalama zochizira chikhalidwe ichi, koma ndi kukatenga yekha dokotala ndi mbali zonse za matenda. Malinga chifukwa zimayambitsa matendawo, kungakhale mahomoni kapena kukonzekera ayodini (ngati retardation maganizo chifukwa cha matenda a chithokomiro ntchito). Ngati PKU ndithu kudya zakudya zapadera, amene adzamuika dokotala.

Pofuna kukonza maganizo retardation, nootropics zambiri madokotala Kwalamulidwa (kutanthauza "Piracetam," "Encephabol", "Aminalon" ndi ena). Iwo ntchito mwachindunji kusintha njira kagayidwe kachakudya mu ubongo minofu. Zolinga zofanana Kwalamulidwa kwa amino zidulo, B mavitamini Inde, iwo zikhoza kugulidwa popanda mankhwala, koma kuthekera ntchito kokha dokotala tingadziwire.

Ngati odwala matenda anafotokoza matenda pano khalidwe, ndi zamaganizo amasankha mankhwala omwe a asamakhale ndi nkhawa kapena neuroleptics. Chinsinsi kukonzedwa bwino - njira mabuku, ndiyo ntchito mankhwala ayenera pamodzi ndi makalasi mawu madokotala, zamaganizo, njira payekha maphunziro.

Mankhwala wowerengeka, wotchuka mankhwala zomera kuti ndi mphamvu zotsatira pa wamanjenje dongosolo. Zikuphatikizapo Chinese Magnolia mpesa, ginseng, aloe. Komabe, kumbukirani kuti ena ogalamutsa ndi matenda zimachititsa matenda khalidwe, psychoses. Choncho, pamaso kuwagwiritsa ntchito ayenera kukaonana ndi dokotala.

Sangakhoze Kuchotsera ndi konzanso chikhalidwe. Ndondomekozi kwenikweni umalimbana kupereka ntchito kwa anthu ndi retardation wofatsa maganizo. Pakuti ichi pali sukulu wapadera ndi ena pulogalamu ndinazolowera kumene odwala akhoza kuphunzira ntchito yosavuta.

kupewa

Kupewa retardation maganizo - ndi koposa zonse, samalani ndi kumvetsera thanzi lawo komanso thanzi la mibadwo ya m'tsogolo.

Mwamsanga pamene banjali zokhala ndi mwana, onse a iwo amfunsefunse kwathunthu, mayeso, kupezeka chibadwa. Iwo zidzandizindikiritsa ndi kuchiza matenda alipo kapena zinthu, kudziwa mavuto omwe angachititse retardation maganizo mwana osabadwa.

Pamene mkazi ali kale ndi mimba, iye ayenera kukumbukira udindo kuti apuma pa izo chifukwa ngakhale mwana wosabadwa. Choncho, m'pofunika kutsatira njira yolondola ya moyo, kudya bwino, kumvera malangizo onse a madokotala kupewa kukhudzana ndi zinthu zoipa, pitani kuchipatala antenatal pa ndandanda.

Pamene mwana wabadwa, muyenera kumvera mu Dokotala zonse ndi kutsatira madalitso ake onse. Ndipo ngati dokotala akuganiza kuti china chake chinalakwika ndi kupita mayesero zina kapena kukambirana, musayese, monga iwo amati, kuti nditalikane ndi vuto. Inde, mu nkhani iyi, inu angasiye nthawi wapatali, akakula kokha bondo.

Makamaka mankhwala Kodi chilili. Mwachitsanzo, katemera chikuku ndi kachilombo athandiza kubereka wathanzi mwana mabanja ambiri, ndi zoona pamaso zinali pafupifupi chifukwa chofunika kwambiri kobadwa nako retardation maganizo. Masiku ano, asayansi akupanga zofanana odana CMV kudzapatsa mtendere wa maganizo ndi umoyo wa makolo ndi ana awo. zochitika nazonso yafupika chifukwa chitukuko ndi kukula kwa neonatal, chisamaliro obstetric, ntchito immunoglobulin, magazi ndi mfundo zina zambiri, zomwe mpaka posachedwapa sakanazipeza a. Chinthu chachikulu - musati mantha, musataye ndi n'kuyesetsa, ndi wokondedwa wanu, amene yekha mukhoza osangalala ndiponso kubwerera ku moyo wabwinobwino ngati kuli kotheka konse lero. Mvetserani kwa madokotala, mu nthawi, kupeza thandizo apadera ndi kutsatira malangizo onse.