Rudiment - umboni wa chitukuko mbiri ya dziko organic

Rudiment - thupi, mtengo waukulu umene watayika mu ndondomeko ya zamoyo zinachita chitukuko cha chamoyo. Mu mfundo imeneyi mwa dongosolo, ndi mwayi yafupika sakhala poyerekeza ndi nyumba lolingana mu zinthu zina. Iye akhapidziwa kuti ziwalo vestigial amakhala opanda, koma ambiri mwa iwo kuchita zonyozeka kapena osavuta ntchito ntchito nyumba, ambiri mwina anafuna kuti zolinga zina.

mphatso zachilendo kusanduka

Ndi chiyambi cha XIX atumwi poyerekeza ndi mmene thupi, amatchedwanso kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe poyerekeza, anapanga ngati chilango palokha kwachilengedwenso kuti amachita ndi malamulo onse a chitukuko ndi kapangidwe ka ziwalo amayerekezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana embryogenesis. Yakhala chifukwa cha umboni za chiyambi anthu ku oimira ena a dziko nyama. Kaswili anawulula ziwalo yemweyo mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene amasiyana kukula ndi mawonekedwe. ndi anasiya ena a iwo kapena ndi bwino anayamba poyerekeza ndi ziwalo yemweyo mu mtundu wina akhala mabanga. ziwalo underdeveloped anatchedwa achikalekale (ku Latin rudimentum -. "The siteji koyamba, ndi rudiment"). Ankaoneka achabechabe ndi panjira kutha.

Rudiment - thupi kuti nayikidwa mu njira ya chitukuko embryonic, koma m'kupita unatha kusintha. Mu mawonekedwe wamkulu m'tsogolo, iye anatsalira m'chigawo underdeveloped. matupi amenewa kapena mbali za iwo angapezeke pafupifupi mtundu wa nyama ndi zomera. Poyerekeza ndi magazi (ofanana) nyumba zamoyo ofanana mwina underdeveloped kapena alibe mbali zofunika.

Palinso matupi ofanana ndi mu matupi athu. Mwachitsanzo, nzeru mano - ndi rudiment wa munthu. izi ndipo matupi monga chikope lachitatu, kapena epicanthus, tailbone, zakumapeto cecum, minofu khutu, kuchititsa sayenda awo, tsitsi pa thunthu, m'makona. Okwana thupi la munthu akhoza kuziwerenga zoposa 100. Iwo ndi zotsalira za anthu matupi amene ofanana mitundu makolo anali ndi zonse kunachitika maonekedwe.

Umboni wa chitukuko mbiri ya dziko organic

ziwalo Vestigial chifukwa cha kusintha kulikonse pa malo ozungulira mu mawonekedwe a mtundu winawake wa moyo wotaya kufunika kwake kupulumuka ndi pang'onopang'ono n'kusiya ntchito. Tiyenera tisaiwale masinthidwe zonse zikuchitika zomwe zinachititsa kuti kuchepetsa kukula kwa matupi osiyanasiyana, kufooketsa ntchito zawo. Mu chochitika chapadera kwambiri chifukwa inali njira yopulumutsira zamoyo kukumana masinthidwe anali inathetsedwa.

Kapangidwe, umene uli m'kati kuwonongedwa, ikukhudzana bwanji ndi mfundo "chisonyezo". izi achilendo ndondomeko kusanduka, ozikidwa pa masinthidwe, kusintha chawo anthu ena. Mu zamoyo ndi chitukuko pang'ono dongosolo la malumikizanidwe zolimbana (maubwenzi) ikuchitika m'madera pang'onopang'ono coadaptation. Izo zikuchitika mu dongosolo la masoka kusankha zambiri zofunika, Gona ogwirizana. Mwachibadwa mwagwirizana zinchito anatengera kusintha zinachokera aliyense wa matupi a munthu wina kapena gulu, komanso anthu osiyanasiyana moyo wa biocenosis lapansi.

Mofananamo, achikalekale Mwachitsanzo nyumba munthu angathe kutumikira zakumapeto (zakumapeto). Izi caecum zotsalira, kamodzi ukugwirira ntchito thupi lalikulu mu dongosolo m'mimba herbivores. Nchito yake ndi bwino zokwanira. Mkulu CHIKWANGWANI chakudya chimbudzi awo amafuna nthawi yaitali, outgrowth akhungu akuimira malo zokhudza kukhala m'menemo microflora akudutsa pang'onopang'ono ndondomeko mbewu chosinkhasinkha mapadi. M'kupita kwa zinthu, makolo athu anayamba kudya zochepa mafuta ndi nyama zambiri, zimene zinachititsa kuti kuchepa pang'onopang'ono caecum lapansi. Unali rudiment, koma osati wopanda pake. udindo wake kukhalabe chitetezo cha m'thupi chimagwirira N'zochititsa chidwi chokwanira. Kumapeto lofotokozabe zomera choyambirira ya m'matumbo, ngati chofungatira cha E. coli. Anthu ndi appendectomy pambuyo matenda opatsirana ndi ovuta kwambiri kubwerera microflora yachibadwa matumbo. N'chifukwa chake kumapeto nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mtundu wa famu kuswana tizilombo zothandiza. Pali zinadziwika kuti kuchotsa kwa kumapeto kumaonjezera ngozi ya zotupa za chilengedwe zilonda.

Zoyamba za nyama

Mu zamoyo zina amagwiritsidwanso kumatanthauza akuluakulu ambiri amene ataya Ntchito yawo mwa malamulo a chitukuko mbiri ya zinthu ndipo ali mu ncira ya kutha. Mwachitsanzo, yomwe ili makulidwe a mafupa a minofu m'mimba mwa pythons ndi zinsomba, ndiwo zoyamba za miyendo yakumbuyo. ziwalo Vestigial mu nyama zimene zimakhala mu mdima, maso ali. Ine mbalame flightless ndi achikalekale phiko fupa. matupi ambiri ataya tanthauzo pachiyambi, ndi zomera. Choncho, pa rhizomes wa kakombo wa mzigwa, udzu tirigu, fern anapezeka mamba, amene zoyamba za masamba. The inflorescences malire Asteraceae pansi pa galasi lokulitsira mosavuta anawona stamens abortive. Mu staminate maluwa nkhaka yotsala munsi, zilipo pakati pa tubercle - monga rudiment a. Awa ndi umboni onse yokulirapo ya chitukuko mbiri ya dziko organic.

atavism

Asayansi komanso olekanitsidwa mawonetseredwe mu maonekedwe ena apadera amene anali achilendo kwa makolo awo lakutali, koma kwina oimira yapafupi. mawonetseredwe amatchedwa atavism. Chitsanzo lililonse zace - ndi caudal mafuta, fistula pakhosi kwambiri kutchulidwa khungu, pamaso pa awiriawiri zina zopangitsa mammary, ndi ena. Zizindikiro izi atayika m'kupita kwa zinthu, napeza monga likuyesetsa osowa.

Tikumbukenso kuti zoyamba za atavism ndi - si mfundo zofanana. Zoyamba alipo mu anthu onse a mitundu, iwo kugawana zinthu zina. Atavism zimapezeka okha mamembala ena ndi Musatenge ntchito iliyonse. Iwo, poyamba, si lofanana ndi kuvutika kakulidwe, ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana, monga nthiti nthambi, mphanga Mlomo, chodabwitsa ena asanu toed ndi.

Onse opezeka zoyamba ndi atavism - chizindikiro, lolingana ndi gawo zina za chitukuko za mtengo chisinthiko. A umboni bwino izi kuti matupi omwe akhala opanda ntchito kwa chamoyo akhoza ukhale kwa nthawi yaitali, ife kuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono kugwa ndiponso chifukwa masinthidwe.

Mu zamoyo zamakono tsopano Cholinga cha phunziro la matupi a zamoyo, kuphatikizapo anthu. Data pa chiyambi cha ziwalo achikalekale kudzakuthandizani kuthana limodzi mwa mafunso kukanikiza zimene majini ndi anatembenukira kapena choletsedwa mu chitukuko ndi kuchepetsa ziwalo achikalekale.

"Ziwalo Vestigial" ukadaulo

Lingaliro chisonyezo mophiphiritsa monga chodabwitsa kupulumuka osaonekanso ndi ntchito luso. Monga umisiri zapita patsogolo kwambiri, pali koyenera bwino ndi kusanduka kwachilengedwenso. Palinso nthawi zambiri amatchedwa zoyamba za zimagwirira, makina, kapena zipangizo zina zimene zilibe tanthauzo awo pa siteji lino la chitukuko cha dongosolo makamaka, koma akupitirizabe kukhala chifukwa ngakhale ndi mfundo kale. Zitsanzo zoyamba mu makompyuta kupereka modemu, ndi floppy litayamba pagalimoto. Okonza magalimoto "vestigial limba" ndi loko poyatsira, mu ndege chitsanzo ndi zodziwikiratu malangizo wakapezayo.