Shagal Mark: zojambula ndi maudindo. Mark Shagal: zilandiridwenso

Mu 1887, July 7, anabadwa lotsatira dziko kalasi wojambula Shagal Mark, amene zojambula m'zaka 20 chifukwa lidzadabwitsa ndi kusangalala alendo zisudzo ambiri amene anasonyeza zojambula za wotchuka avant-garde wojambula.

Chiyambi cha njira kulenga

Moishe a mwana, makolo ake poyamba ankatchedwa, unachitikira mu mzinda wa Vitebsk. bambo ake ankagwira ntchito Komatsu pa msika wa nsomba, mayi anali zazing'ono benchi, agogo anali cantor mu sunagoge wa Ayuda. Titamaliza sukulu achipembedzo achiyuda Mose analowa zolimbitsa thupi, ngakhale Ayuda sankaloledwa ku sukulu Russian mu tsarist Russia. Kumene, zinali zovuta kudziwa zinthu ndi osasamba. Nditaphunzira kwa zaka zingapo, iye anasiya sukulu ndipo anakhala mongodzipereka pa "Sukulu ya zojambula ndi kupenta wojambula Pan." Patapita miyezi iwiri, Bambo Peng, anakantha talente mnyamata anam'patsa maphunziro aulere kusukuluyi.

Young wojambula redrew achibale ake onse nayenso anayamba kujambula zithunzi za anthu a Vitebsk. Choncho, zojambulajambula anaonekera yowala choyambirira zojambulajambula Shagal Mark, amene zojambula posachedwapa kugula bwino zinthu zochititsa chidwi ku dziko. Alias, kapena m'malo dzina latsopano, panopa iye anatulukira yekha. Moishe Marko, ndi Chagall - kusintha Segal, ku dzina la bambo.

likulu kumpoto

Twente-chaka Mark anaganiza kukhala malo amodzi ndipo posakhalitsa anapita ku St. Petersburg, poganiza kuti apitirize maphunziro ake kumeneko penti. The ndalama iye anali Komanso, kusalana Russian boma mfundo kwa Ayuda anapanga lokha anamva. Moyo likulu kumpoto anali osauka, apulumuke ntchito wosamvetseka. Komabe, Chagall sanali mphwayi, iye anali wokondwa kukhala mu maelstrom wa moyo luso la St. Petersburg. Pang'onopang'ono, iye anapanga bwalo la ojambula zothandiza pakati pa Ayuda anthu mkulu, komanso abwenzi atsopano anayamba kuthandiza ojambula zithunzi wamng'ono.

Shagal Mark, amene zojambula posapita nthaŵi anayamba amaonedwa monga amithenga a latsopano surrealist kalembedwe, osayesa kupanga payekha awo ndipo sanali kutsatira malamulo ambiri amavomereza za kupenta. Ndipo, monga momwe moyo kenako anasankha njira yoyenera. Ntchito oyambirira chithunzicho wakhala kunachokera wosangalatsa nthano ndi zithunzi zophiphiritsira chabe. Zonse zimene zinalembedwa mu nthawi ino Mark Shagal zojambula ndi maudindo: "Woyera Banja", "Imfa", "Kubadwa" - zitsanzo yaikulu ya kalembedwe zachilendo. Mu mutu wotsiriza uno, maonekedwe a mwana mu dziko, analinso ndi ntchito za Chagall kangapo, mu kutanthauzira osiyana. Komabe, m'zochitika zonse, mkazi wakubala anali ankafotokozedwa chitsanzo chabwino, amene ali wochepa ndi kufunika kwa anthu ena, osawuka, ndi mbuzi, akavalo ndi padziko. Komabe, ichi ndi chodabwitsa cha luso ndi Marc Chagall, iye anatha kukonza mfundo tosaoneka moti mwadzidzidzi anayamba kulamulira khamu. Otopa latsopano mayi ndi mzamba ndi mwanayo m'manja ake ena obyurazom zinamveka pakati pa chithunzipo.

Ankadziwa Lvom Bakstom

Ali St. Petersburg, Shagal Mark, amene zojambula kuti amakopeka kuwonjezeka tcheru anthu yolembedwa, anapitiriza maphunziro ake a sukulu payekha zaluso Seidenberg pamene kugwira ntchito yosavuta mu magazini Ayuda "Kutuluka dzuwa" kupereka chakudya chawo. Kenako, anakumana ndi Lvom Bakstom, Zvantseva mphunzitsi wa sukulu, amene anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri tsogolo la chithunzicho. Chagall pamsonkhano nkhani zojambulajambula Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, amene chidwi ngati katswiri wa chilichonse chatsopano mu luso.

M'chaka cha 1910 pa kuwonekera koyamba kugulu la Marc Chagall - Zojambula wake achita nawo tsiku kutsegula, amene anakonza zoti akonzi "Apollo". Pasanapite zisanachitike izi wojambula anakumana mkazi wa moyo wake, Bella Rosenfeld. Chikondi kunabuka pakati pa iwo nthawi yomweyo, ndi nthawi yosangalatsa inatenga awiri tsiku achinyamata atakwatiwa ndi anayamba kukhala pamodzi. Mu 1916 banjalo mwana wotchedwa Ida.

Kusamukira ku Paris

M'chaka cha 1910, kazembe limakhulupirira Vinaver, wofuna kuthandiza ndi zimakupiza zaluso chabwino, Chagall mwayi wolipiriridwa kunapangitsa kuti kuphunzira Paris. Likulu la France anakumana Mark affably, iye anakhala mabwenzi ndi zojambulajambula Ehrenburg ndi thandizo wake, anatenga situdiyo mu Montparnasse. Chagall analemba usiku ndipo pa tsiku atayika mu tambirimbiri, salons ndi zisudzo, kungolandira chilichonse chokhudzana ndi luso lalikulu la kupenta.

Ambuye m'zaka za m'ma 20 kuti ukhale chitsanzo kwa wojambula wamng'ono. Great Cezanne, Van Gogh, Pol Gogen, Delacroix - aliyense wa iwo wachangu Chagall amayesetsa kuti ndiphunzire okha. wakeyo ku St. Petersburg, Lev Bakst, kamodzi kuonera zojambula Parisian wa wophunzira wake adati motsimikiza kuti "tsopano mitundu yonse kuimba." Zojambula ndi Marc Chagall, chithunzi cha amene anapereka pa tsamba, mphunzitsi thandizo lanu kwathunthu.

kulenga m'mene angatetezedwe

Chagall anasamukira posachedwapa "The Mng'oma", mtundu wa arttsentr Parisian, yemwe anakhala malo kwa ojambula zithunzi osauka kuyendera. Apa, Mark anakumana ndi ndakatulo, olemba mabuku, ojambula zithunzi ndi bohemians ena likulu French. ntchito Onse amene analemba mu "oma" Mark Shagal (zojambula ndi maudindo: "Fiddler," "Gologota", "Kudzipereka kwa mkwatibwi wanga", "View wa Paris ku zenera"), anakhala "kuyitana khadi". Komabe, ngakhale kuloŵerera mokwanira ndi chilengedwe Parisian luso chithunzicho saiwala za Vitebsk lakwawo, ndipo utoto: "Anagulitsa ng'ombe", "Ine ndi Village", "wopera".

Ntchito oyambirira

Mmodzi zojambula kwambiri losaiwalika ndi "zenera. Vitebsk", zinalembedwa kalembedwe "zilizonse luso" kapena "primitivism" imene angatsate m'nyengo yoyambirira ya ntchito yake Mark Shagal. "Tsamba. Vitebsk" analengedwa mu 1908 pamene chithunzicho anali atangoyamba kumene kuphunzira nzeru za "kalembedwe wosazindikira".

Mu zaka zingapo anakhala mu Paris, Mark Shagal analemba za makumi atatu zojambula ndi oposa 150 watercolors. Ntchito yonse adatulutsa kwa Berlin kwa chionetsero luso mu 1914, omwe anakhala phindu ntchito yake yaikulu mu zojambulajambula. anthu anasangalala ndi zojambula za Chagall. Berlin wojambula ndinali woti ndipite ku Vitebsk kwawo kuona Bella, koma chinalepheretsa isanayambike mwadzidzidzi wa First World nkhondo.

Tsoka zina mwa chithunzicho

Mark Zaharovich Shagal, amene zojambula akhala wotchuka, anamasulidwa asilikali ankhondo. Axamwali anathandiza kupeza malo mu asilikali mafakitale dipatimenti ya St. Petersburg, ndipo kwa nthawi ndithu chithunzicho inaperekedwa ndi nyumba ndiponso ntchito. Chagall zojambula mu nthaŵi zovuta zino anali makamaka zochititsa chidwi ndiponso zoti tingakwanitse. "Nkhondo", "Tsamba m'midzi", "madyerero a misasa", "Red Myuda" - zochepa chabe mwa zojambula, amene analengedwa panthawi ya nkhondo. wojambula payokha m'nyimbo angapo zojambula analengedwa, "Yendani", "Pinki Okonda", "Birthday", "Bella makolala oyera". zojambula zimenezi zikuimira mbali yaing'ono ya mndandanda yaikulu ya ntchito zake za First World nkhondo.

"Yendani"

Imodzi mwa ntchito wotchuka wa mmisiri, iye analengedwa mu 1918. maganizo Post-chosintha, kukhulupirira kuti m'tsogolo, ndi chikondi cha chikondi wamng'ono - izi zonse zimaonekera pa chinsalu cha. Zokhumudwitsa mu mfundo zatsopano zokhudza Bungwe la dziko sinafikebe, ngakhale kuti anali basi kuzungulira ngodya. Komabe, mmodzi wa ophunzira wokhulupirika zolinga zatsopano wa nthawi imeneyo anali chithunzicho Mark Shagal. "Yendani" - chithunzi ndi wosangalala, wodzaza ndi chiyembekezo chabwino, zilembo amaganizira za negative. Mkazi za pa lona, ndi kuyandama pamwamba zenizeni, mnyamata kwambiri, ndi wokonzeka kuchoka pansi.

ntchito Chagall wa 1917-1918

Wojambula anauzira zochitika chosintha mu Petrograd. Iye, monga ambiri ku likulu la kumpoto kwa anzeru ndi, anamva mphepo atsopano a kusintha ndi kukhulupirira mu kudalirika kwawo. Petersburg ojambula zithunzi, olemba mabuku, analemba anatenga kulimbikitsa njira yatsopano ya moyo, ndi oyamba mu mabungwe mabungwe a okonda kunena kwa kuyanjana kwa anthu onse, Marko Shagal. Zojambula "Pamwamba pa City," "Nkhondo ya m'bwalo - ndi tinyumba ta dziko" ndi zojambula zina zambiri nthawi imeneyi kuganizira chilakolako cha chithunzicho kulenga.

Bella ndi maluwa

A malo apadera wojambula amatenga chithunzi wodzipereka kwa mkazi wake wokondedwa, amene anam'bweretsera maluwa kudzamuthokoza pa kubadwa kwake. Popanda kutaya chachiwiri, amathamangira easel lapansi. Pokhudzidwa pakati, wojambula anayesera mumpanda mphindi wokongola pa nsalu. Izi zinali Maliko Shagal. "Birthday" - chithunzi analengedwa mu nkhani mphindi mu mawonekedwe a sewero, ndiyeno kusinthidwa. Iye anakhala mmodzi wa bwino pa mndandanda wa chithunzicho. Monga ananena, kudzoza abwera kwa maminiti pang'ono, n'kofunika kuti muphonye.

m'maudindo

Mu 1918, Mark Zaharovich Shagal, amene zojambula akhala ankaona chuma cha chigawo Vitebsk, ndi ovomerezeka kwa luso la komiti wamkulu. wojambula ankaonetsa luso lapadera gulu, iye chokongoletsedwa Vitebsk pa tsiku la chikumbutso la October kuukira boma, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbendera, mbendera ndi mbendera. "Art kuti misa!" - amenewa anali kuyankhula wake.

Mu 1920, Mark Shagal anasamukira ku Moscow pamodzi ndi Bella ndi Ida pang'ono, kumene anayamba kugwira ntchito m'munda wa zisudzo ammudzi. Mu njira yachibadwa ya malonda kulenga zokongoletsa yofotokoza njira zake kulenga kwa Chagall zisudzo pa muzu, kuyesera kuyandikira "chosintha" kalembedwe watsopano kupenta. Party akuluakulu ankafuna angapo kubweretsa chithunzicho kumbali yake, koma monga Chagall anali kale anazindikira ngati dziko kalasi mwini burashi ndi, chiwembu analephera.

kutsutsidwa

Kusemphana maganizo ufulu kukoma wojambula ndi utsogoleri chikominisi, kenako mu atasemphana lotseguka, ndi Mark Shagal Soviet Union anasiya dziko ndi banja lake.

Berlin anakhala mzinda woyamba European, amene anakhazikika Marc, Bella ndi Ida. Wojambula kuyesa kupeza ndalama chionetsero mu 1914 anabwera kanthu, ambiri a zojambula anatha. Chagall anabwerera zojambula atatu okha koma dazeni watercolors.

M'chaka cha 1923, Mark kalata kuchokera Paris kwa bwenzi lake lakale, amene akukuitanani kuti abwere ku likulu French. Chagall akubwera, ndipo apo icho akuyembekezera mwala wina - zithunzi kuti kamodzi anachoka mu "oma" komanso mbisoweka. Komabe, chithunzicho sasiya mtima, iye akuyamba kachiwiri kulemba katswiri awo. Komanso, Mark Shagal akulandira kupereka kwa wofalitsa yaikulu yofotokoza mabuku. Iye akuyamba ndi buku "Miyoyo Akufa" ndi Nikolaya Vasilevicha Gogolya ndi mwangwiro uzigwirizana ndi ntchitoyo.

ulendo banja

Ndalama Chagall mphamvu, ndipo iye ndi banja lake chimayamba kupita ku Ulaya. Ndipo pakati pa maulendo wojambula analemba zojambula wake wosafa, amene akukhala mbanda kucha, kunkabe, "kawiri Chithunzicho", "Ida pa zenera," "Moyo ndi mudzi." Kuwonjezera zojambula, Chagall chinkhoswe mu zofotokoza buku "La Fontaine ndi zopeka."

Mu 1931, Mark Shagal anapita ku Palestina, iye akufuna kuona dziko la makolo awo. Miyezi ingapo, amene wojambula anali mu Land Woyera, anakakamizika kusintha maganizo ake moyo. Bella ndi mwana Ida, amene anali pafupi, woyanjidwa izi. Back mu Paris, Chagall kokha za mafanizo m'Baibulo.

Kusamukira ku America

Mu mmasate mochedwa, kuthawira Nazi ku Germany, banja Chagall a anasamuka ku United States. Ndipo kamodzinso - ntchito zokongola ed, nthawi ili mu kuvina Russian. Igor Stravinsky wochotsedwa ntchito Chagall ndi Picasso ndinaganizira zina zachidule, zovala siteji koma analembedwa ndi Mark Atengedwa.

Nkhondo Europe ndi pachimake, ngakhale zikuonekeratu kuti ulamuliro wa Hitler anagonjetsedwa. M'chaka cha 1944 pakubwera uthenga wabwino - Hitler pafupi kugonja. Koma mochedwa August, Marc Chagall overtakes tsoka, chipatala mwadzidzidzi wamwalira sepsis Bella. wojambula watha tanthauzo la moyo ndi chisoni, koma amatithandiza ndi amathandiza wotsalayo mwana Ida. naini Koma patangopita miyezi Chagall amatenga mu dzanja. Tsopano iye anawapeza chipulumutso ntchito utoto usana ndi usiku. Creative zilakolako za wojambula akum'thandiza kupulumuka imfa ya sharpness.