Silika. Kufalitsa mu chikhalidwe, njira kupeza, ntchito

Pakachitsulo woipa (mankhwala chilinganizo: SiO2, silika) - ndi crystalline colorless, kunyezimira kapena amorphous zakuthupi. mchere umenewu uli mwa mawonekedwe a mchenga khwatsi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito yomanga, kupanga mankhwala ndi wailesi, zomangamanga ndege ndi mafakitale zina zambiri.

Kufalitsa silika m'chilengedwe

Silika ali kutumphuka padziko lapansi monga osakaniza ndi ena mchere (amatchedwa lubwe), ndi silicate, gawo la thanthwe. Ambiri mwachibadwa zikuchitika mchere - khwatsi, cristobalite ali n'kukhala kwambiri, ndi kalikedo, tridymite, opal, lechatelierite (khwatsi galasi). The chabwino timibulu khwatsi kupanga otchedwa "pachimake" khwatsi. Ndi chiwonongeko mwapang'onopang'ono miyala anapanga khwatsi mchenga, amene ting'onoting'ono basi, kungachititse kuti maonekedwe a quartzite ndi sandstone.

Rhinestone - ichi ndi khwatsi changwiro kwambiri, colorless. timibulu Imatha kulemera makumi matani, ndi kufikira zotalika mamita angapo. Komanso, khwatsi akhoza TACHIMATA ndi zosafunika zosiyanasiyana violet (ametusito), chikasu (citrine), wakuda (morion), wautsi (rauchtopaz). Mu chikhalidwe, pali cryptocrystalline mtundu wa khwatsi: wofiira pinki carnelian, wobiriwira apulo chrysoprase, bluish safiro, yasipi mochenjera-akuda, onekisi ndi sibu mchenga, hornfels ndi pakachitsulo.

Wapadera "wolemekezeka" opal, chomwe particles colloidal a m'mimba mwake yunifolomu pafupifupi 0.2 microns. particles awa odzaza mwamphamvu mu analamula agglomerates wa madzi zili ndalama zochepa kuposa lina (mu opals kwambiri - seveni peresenti). madipoziti Natural pakachitsulo woipa akhoza kukhala ndi diatomite, Tripoli. Ya mchere anamanga zipolopolo za diatoms, ndi mafupa a thonje ena. Iye ali gawo la mapesi a zomera - monga bango, horsetail, nsungwi.

Momwe silika?

Kupanga SiO2 angathe kupeza:

- ndi zochita za hydrochloric (HCl) kapena sulfuric (H2SO4) zidulo chifukwa cha silicate sodium, osachepera - mu silicates ena sungunuka (ichi ndi njira yaikulu m'mayiko olemera);

- kugwiritsa ntchito colloidal pakachitsulo woipa (kudzera yozizira koopsa kapena coagulation pansi zochita za F- ayoni, Na +);

- ndi hydrolysis wa pakachitsulo fluoride SiF4, pakachitsulo tetrachloride SiCl4, tetraethoxysilane (C2H5O) 4Si, desublimata olimba (NH4) 2SiF6 mu mawonekedwe gaseous komanso mu amadzimadzi ammonia ndi njira amadzimadzi (nthawi zina Kuwonjezera zapansi organic, kapena Mowa).

amorphous pakachitsulo woipa chokonzedwa;

- diatomite ndi Tripoli;

- calcination mpunga mankhusu;

- umapezeka khwatsi zinaphatikizidwa.

Anhydrous silika ufa amapangidwa:

- kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala nthunzi mafunsidwe;

- by hydrolysis ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni nthunzi esters pyrogenic silika ndi fluoride pakachitsulo;

- by kuyaka kwa pakachitsulo tetrachloride SiCl4 nthunzi mu chisakanizo cha H2 ndi O2.

Monga silika ntchito?

- Natural silika ntchito kupanga dongo, konkire, abrasives, mchenga laimu njerwa, ziwiya zadothi, phale, DINACYT, magalasi silicate;

- Kupanga silika ( "woyera mpweya wakuda") anagwiritsidwa ntchito monga filler mu kupanga labala;

- khwatsi timibulu umodzi apeza ntchito zamagetsi (Zosefera, pafupipafupi stabilizers piezoelectric, resonators) mu acoustoelectronics ndi acousto, mu zodzikongoletsera, mu chida kuwala;

- rhinestone ndi kupanga pakachitsulo woipa ntchito ngati zipangizo za ulimi wa khwatsi galasi, khwatsi, umodzi galasi ulusi khwatsi ndi ceramic. Poyankha, ziwiya zadothi ndi galasi khwatsi ntchito makampani ndege, Optics, zamagetsi ndi mafakitale ena. Khwatsi ntchito monga chuma nsalu, kutentha posungira, ndipo ulusi khwatsi - kulenga machitidwe CHIKWANGWANI-chamawonedwe ya kusintha mfundo ndiponso mizere kulankhulana.